[The problem of early detection cervical cancer in republic of Kazakhstan].

Cervical cancer (CC) is the 2nd malignant tumor in Republic of Kazakhstan (RK). The quantity of late stage CC diagnoses remains high. Annual reports (2011-2012) of 19 cytology laboratories were analyzed. Study of the incidences and detection of early forms of cervical cancer screening was conducted. The investigation showed incomplete screening coverage of the female population in Kazakhstan, and a shortage of specialists (Cytopathologists, cytotechnicians). The peculiarities of CC during formal and informal screening were detected. Measures to increase female screening coverage are proposed. Among them creation of a reference laboratory at the national level, adoption of the training methods of the International Academy of Cytology (IAC), periodic testing of cytopathologists, training by specialists from Kazakhstan and experts from IAC.

[Determination of nucleolar organizer activity in the differential diagnosis of transition-cell tumors of the bladder]. / Opredelenie aktivnosti iadryshkovykh organizatorov pri differentsial'noi diagnostike perekhodno-kletochnykh opukholei mochevogo puzyria.

Assessment of cells during cytologic diagnosis is based on a complex of morphologic features of the nucleus and nucleolus whose increased polymorphism is characteristic of tumor cells. Introduction in clinical cytology of the nucleoli silvering method permitted assessment of the activity of nucleolar organizers in which ribosomal RNA transcription is carried out determining further growth, maturation, and volume of a cell. Silver ions precipitate at sites of active transcription forming granules which may be analyzed. The number of argentophilic granules in transitional-cell tumors increases as differentiation of the studied cellular elements deteriorates. The highest activity of the nucleolar organizer was observed in poorly-differentiated cells. Silvering method may be widely used in studies of nucleolar morphofunctional organization and of complex metabolic processes in the cells.

[Cytologic diagnosis of mediastinal diseases]. / Tsitologicheskaia diagnostika zabolevanii sredosteniia.

The diagnosis of mediastinal tumors is based on morphological findings, on cytological among other things. Results of cytologic diagnosis of tumors of the anterior mediastinum in 79 patients are analyzed. Malignant thymomas were diagnosed by this method in 41 patients. The method verified the following thymoma variants: lymphoepithelial in 19 (46.3%), granulomatous in 7 (17.1%), spindle-cell in 2 (4.9%), lymphoid in 1 (2.4%), and malignant thymoma of an undefined form in 12 (29.3%). No surgery was carried out in 21 cases because the patients refused from it or their condition was grave. Treatment of these patients was based on the cytological findings. Results of cytological studies are compared with histological findings. The efficacy of the cytological method was 93.7%.

[Cytologic diagnosis of papillomas and cancer of the bladder]. / Tsitologicheskaia diagnostika papillom i raka mochevogo puzyria.

Cystoscopy is the principal method in the diagnosis of bladder cancer and precancer, but though visual examination of the bladder cavity via a cystoscope is comparatively easy, early correct diagnosis is not always possible because of small volume of the bladder, urethral stricture, mucosal changes in the bladder. That is why so much attention is paid to the cytologic diagnosis of bladder conditions. To estimate the diagnostic value of the cytologic method for the recognition of bladder precancer states and cancer the authors have analyzed cytograms of 145 patients. Smears obtained by alcohol washing off were under study. Cytologic and cytochemical analysis of alcohol washings-off has proved to be a valuable extra method for the diagnosis of pretumor and tumor processes; along with cystoscopy and biopsy the cytologic method is recommended for wide practice, for its use will contribute to earlier detection of urologic conditions.

[Cytologic criteria for the formation of a risk group in Barrett esophagus]. / Tsitologicheskie kriterii formirovaniia gruppy riska pri pishchevode Berretta.

Oncologic screenings of the populations in the areas with increased incidence of esophageal cancer have revealed Barrett's ulcer in 1 percent of the examinees. Endoscopic and cytologic characteristics of this condition are presented. Precancer changes--severe dysplasia--are most frequent in male Kazakhs (14.1 percent) aged 50 to 59 (14.7 percent). Subjects with Barrett's ulcer developing severe dysplasia, as evidenced by cytograms, should be included in the group of subjects at risk for carcinoma of the lower third of the esophagus and cardia.

[Cytologic study of the endometrium and detection of groups at increased risk of developing cancer]. / Tsitologicheskoe issledovanie éndometriia i vyiavlenie grupp povyshennogo riska zabolevaniia rakom.

The authors analyze the findings of examinations of 350 patients of a climacteric and menopausal age, suffering from uterine fibromyomas. Special attention has been paid to patients with an asymptomatic course of fibromyoma during the menopause. Such patients are not referred to risk group by gynecologists, but analysis of the cytologic findings has revealed a high share (38.1%) of atypical proliferations and of proliferations suspected to eventuate in cancer. This fact has necessitated more thorough examinations and follow-up of this patient population. The authors consider that patients with asymptomatic uterine fibromyomas should be considered as a risk group in respect of developing endometrial carcinoma. Cytologic investigations of the uterine cavity aspiration biopsy specimens should be one of the first steps in examinations of women with abnormalities of the endometrium.

[Significance of multiple biopsies using the fiber bronchoscope in the morphological diagnosis of central cancer of the lung]. / Znachenie mnozhestvennoi biopsii cherez fibrobronkhoskop dlia morfologicheskoi diagnostiki tsentralnogo raka legkogo.

The paper discusses the first experience with fiber bronchoscope--mediated sampling for histologic examination in 183 cases of central carcinoma of the lung. As a result, cancer was histologically identified in 98.9% and cytologically verified in 60.2%. Complex histologic and cytologic examination reliably established central carcinoma of the lung in 100%. Cancer was detected in 51.3-72% of bronchial biopsies (mean--64.7%).

[Pathomorphosis of cervical cancer with different methods of radiation treatment]. / Patomorfoz raka sheiki matki pri razlichnykh metodakh luchevogo lecheniia.

The report deals with a comparison of the results of cytologic and clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of different methods of radiotherapy in 93 cases of cervical carcinoma. A correlation established between cytologic data and clinical manifestations suggested that cytologic procedures be used as a criterion for ascertaining tumor radiosensitivity. The advantages offered by application of modifiers of tumor radiosensitivity are discussed.

Cytologic criteria in diagnostics of esophageal dysplasia.

On the basis of exfoliative cytology material of 62 patients with precancerous esophageal diseases 3 stages of esophageal dysplasia were determined: mild, moderate and severe. In order to establish the stage of dysplastic alteration the author used morphological, functional, morphometric and cytochemical criteria. Cytologic criteria suggest by the author are objective indicies to find out early malignancy of esophageal epithelium. The usage of the above mentioned criteria enable to distinguish earlier forms of cancer of the esophagus and permits to lower the number of advanced cases.

[Cytological method in the diagnosis of esophageal cancer]. / Tsitologicheskii metod v diagnostike raka pishchevoda.

A correlation between the results, obtained in esophagofibroscopy, histological and cytological methods in establishing the diagnosis of esophageal cancer in 981 patients, has demonstrated that cytological method is a highly reliable one. The possibility to determine histological forms of esophageal tumor by means of cytological assay is shown.