ABSTRACT
We developed a novel submerged culture system of Aspergillus kawachii NBRC4308 using barley whose surface is completely or partly covered with husk. The culture supernatant showed a glucoamylase activity of 150.8 U/ml and an acid-stable alpha-amylase activity of 7.7 U/ml brought about by the maintenance of a low glucose concentration in the culture system.
Subject(s)
Aspergillus/growth & development , Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase/biosynthesis , Mycology/methods , alpha-Amylases/biosynthesis , Acids , Aspergillus/metabolism , Cell Culture Techniques , Enzyme Stability , Fermentation , Glucose/analysis , Hordeum/chemistryABSTRACT
Odorants comprising the hop aromas of beers were examined. Strongly hopped beers with Saazer, Hersbrucker, and Cascade hops were compared with unhopped beer by gas chromatography-olfactometry (CharmAnalysis) and sensory evaluation. Twenty-seven odorants were revealed as hop-derived, which derived either directly from hops or via metabolization, and 19 components were identified. Of the components, linalool, geraniol, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, and ethyl 2-methylpropanoate were determined as odor-active components from their Charm values and aroma values. The muscat-like aroma of Cascade beer and the spicy aroma of Hersbrucker beer were predominant in sensory evaluation, and the contributors to these characteristics were investigated.
Subject(s)
Beer/analysis , Humulus/chemistry , Odorants/analysis , Esters/analysis , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Humans , Terpenes/analysisABSTRACT
To examine the mutual association of risk factors for both Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), a cross-sectional study on 954 residents of a rural town in Japan was conducted. Using an unconditional logistic model, we calculated the odds ratios (ORs) for H. pylori infection according to each lifestyle, as well as the ORs for CAG according to each lifestyle and H. pylori infection. A significant positive association was observed between H. pylori infection and the risk of CAG (OR = 6.29). On the other hand, a significant negative association was observed between high consumption of light-colored vegetables and the risk of CAG (OR = 0.68). We also used a path analysis to examine the direct relations of gender, age, and lifestyle variables to CAG, as well as the indirect relations of these variables to CAG through H. pylori infection. Aging had a significantly direct positive association with CAG. Although aging also had an indirect positive association with CAG through H. pylori infection, aging had no association with the consumption of light-colored vegetables. The high consumption of light-colored vegetables showed no association with H. pylori infection but had a significantly direct negative association with CAG. The results of this study suggest a possibility that high light-colored vegetables consumption contributes to the prevention of CAG.
Subject(s)
Gastritis, Atrophic/microbiology , Helicobacter Infections/complications , Helicobacter pylori , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Chronic Disease , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Gastritis, Atrophic/epidemiology , Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Life Style , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Rural Population , VegetablesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: We conducted a population-based study to examine differences in risk of developing chronic atrophic gastritis in association with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, with and without the presence of cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) antibodies, as well as to determine associations with the lifestyle factors. METHOD: Seventy hundred and thirty eight residents (295 men and 443 women) aged 30-64 living in a village in the southern part of Fukuoka Prefecture had an annual health checkup, and all participated in our study. We obtained information on their lifestyle with informed consent and measured the levels of serum pepsinogen I (PGI) and pepsinogen II (PGII), H. pylori and CagA antibodies. Chronic atrophic gastritis was defined as both PGI < 70 micrograms/l and PGI/PGII < 3.0. RESULTS: The odds ratios for development of chronic atrophic gastritis were 4.26 (95% CI, 2.22-8.17) for CagA-positive H. pylori infection and 3.87 (95% CI, 1.95-7.68) for CagA-negative H. pylori infection in males, and 4.92 (95% CI, 3.06-7.92) and 3.02 (95% CI, 1.69-5.41) respectively for females, as compared with H. pylori-negative subjects. Regarding the relationship between chronic atrophic gastritis and lifestyle factors, high consumption of green tea was found to be negatively associated with risk, particularly with CagA-positive H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a CagA-positive H. pylori infection is associated with an elevated risk for developing chronic atrophic gastritis as compared with Cag-negative H. pylori infection.
