ABSTRACT
With the delta variant of COVID-19, known as B.1.617.2, quickly ramping up infections around the world, we need to understand what makes this variant more contagious. One study has reported that the delta variant is 60% more transmissible than the alpha variant. As of August 2021, the delta variant has quickly become the dominant strain. Despite countries like the US, where most of the population is vaccinated, COVID-19 has made a resurgence in infections. Collectively, as a country, we ask: is it more deadly? What makes it more "contagious" or "transmissible"? This review article delves into the information we already know about the delta variant and how it compares with the other SARS-CoV-2 variants. The current vaccine companies like AstraZeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech, and Moderna have reported that their vaccines can provide protection against this variant but with a slightly reduced efficacy. In this article, we do a comprehensive review and summary of the delta B.1.617.2 variant and what makes it more contagious.
ABSTRACT
Calpains represent a family of calcium-dependent proteases participating in a multitude of functions under physiological or pathological conditions. Calpain-1 is one of the most studied members of the family, is ubiquitously distributed in organs and tissues, and has been shown to be involved in synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection in mammalian brain. Calpain-1 deletion results in a number of phenotypic alterations. While some of these alterations can be explained by the acute functions of calpain-1, the present study was directed at studying alterations in gene expression that could also account for these phenotypic modifications. RNA-seq analysis identified 354 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in brain of calpain-1 knock-out mice, as compared to their wild-type strain. Most DEGs were classified in 10 KEGG pathways, with the highest representations in Protein Processing in Endoplasmic Reticulum, MAP kinase and Alzheimer's disease pathways. Most DEGs were down-regulated and validation of a number of these genes indicated a corresponding decreased expression of their encoded proteins. The results indicate that calpain-1 is involved in the regulation of a significant number of genes affecting multiple brain functions. They also indicate that mutations in calpain-1 are likely to be involved in a number of brain disorders.
ABSTRACT
High temperatures can stress animals by raising the oxygen demand above the oxygen supply. Consequently, animals under hypoxia could be more sensitive to heating than those exposed to normoxia. Although support for this model has been limited to aquatic animals, oxygen supply might limit the heat tolerance of terrestrial animals during energetically demanding activities. We evaluated this model by studying the flight performance and heat tolerance of flies (Drosophila melanogaster) acclimated and tested at different concentrations of oxygen (12%, 21%, and 31%). We expected that flies raised at hypoxia would develop into adults that were more likely to fly under hypoxia than would flies raised at normoxia or hyperoxia. We also expected flies to benefit from greater oxygen supply during testing. These effects should have been most pronounced at high temperatures, which impair locomotor performance. Contrary to our expectations, we found little evidence that flies raised at hypoxia flew better when tested at hypoxia or tolerated extreme heat better than did flies raised at normoxia or hyperoxia. Instead, flies raised at higher oxygen levels performed better at all body temperatures and oxygen concentrations. Moreover, oxygen supply during testing had the greatest effect on flight performance at low temperature, rather than high temperature. Our results poorly support the hypothesis that oxygen supply limits performance at high temperatures, but do support the idea that hyperoxia during development improves performance of flies later in life.
