ABSTRACT
We examined the mechanism by which 24(R)-ethyllophenol (MAB28) isolated from the branches of Morus alba caused neurite outgrowth in rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12). MAB28 significantly promoted neurite outgrowth to a similar degree as the positive control, nerve growth factor (NGF). After incubation with MAB28 in PC12 cells, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein was detected, but the time course of phosphorylation was different from that induced by NGF. The expression of chloride intracellular channel protein 3 (CLIC3) was significantly decreased by MAB28. 5-Nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (NPPB), an outward rectifying chloride channel inhibitor, significantly promoted neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. These data suggested that MAB28 could induce neurite outgrowth by downregulating CLIC3 expression.
Subject(s)
Morus , Neurites , Animals , PC12 Cells , Rats , Morus/chemistry , Neurites/drug effects , Neuronal Outgrowth/drug effects , Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology , Phosphorylation , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Nitrobenzoates/pharmacology , Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism , Phenols/pharmacology , Blotting, Western , Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism , Chloride ChannelsABSTRACT
We report the first mermithid nematode found to be parasitic in a marine tanaidacean crustacean. Ten host tanaidaceans were collected from a depth of 52 m in Otsuchi Bay, Iwate, Japan, north-western Pacific, and identified as a species in the tanaidid genus Zeuxo Templeton, 1840. Nematodes occurred in the host's body cavity; in one case, at least two individuals inhabited a single host. We provide a brief description and illustrations of the morphology of the nematode. In a phylogenetic reconstruction based on the 18S ribosomal RNA gene, the nematode nested in a clade otherwise containing mermithids from terrestrial or freshwater hosts, showing an expansion in host utilization in Mermithidae Braun, 1883 from terrestrial/freshwater hosts to a marine organism.
Subject(s)
Helminths , Mermithoidea , Nematoda , Animals , Aquatic Organisms , Fresh Water , Humans , Mermithoidea/anatomy & histology , Mermithoidea/genetics , PhylogenyABSTRACT
Two hundred and seventeen geriatric EEGs were quantitatively analyzed in relation to their intelligence test performances. The subjects were divided into three graded intellectual levels according to their test score in the three diagnostic categories classified with respect to hemiplegia. By means of a novel method using auto-regressive analysis and multivariate analysis, the mean spectrum patterns were numerically compared and classified in terms of general pattern similarities. As the results were in good accord with their intelligence test performances, it was suggested that there were proportional changes of EEG along with the intellectual deterioration. In that occasion, changes in frequency and dumping characters of alpha activity made the most significant contribution. These results suggest that an assessment of intellectual level might be possible through the EEG examination applied in this study and that a prediction of prognosis might also be expected.
