Integration of Functional Groups to Enhance the Solubility and Stability of Viologen in Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries.

The chemical stability and energy density of redox couples are crucial factors in enhancing the durability and cost competitiveness of aqueous flow batteries. This study proposed integrating functional groups to viologen anolyte to increase its solubility and, consequently, energy density and stability for prolonged performance. Specifically, sulfonate and ester groups were selectively incorporated at the nitrogen sites of viologen to enhance solubility, leveraging their asymmetry and double hydrophilicity. Furthermore, an alpha-methyl group was introduced between the bipyridine and ester groups to enhance the chemical stability by preventing stacking and dimerization that can lead to irreversible degradation. The modified viologen demonstrated a remarkable solubility of 3.0 M in deionized water, corresponding to a volumetric capacity of 80.404 Ah L-1. Additionally, the designed viologen exhibits outstanding retention of 92.4% after 200 cycles with a minimal capacity fading rate of 0.055% per cycle in a 0.1 M flow cell test.

Effects of early postoperative shower after cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Little is known regarding the effects of early showers after cardiac surgery. We evaluated the influence of early showers on postoperative wound complications following cardiac surgery. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of 100 cardiac surgery patients (mean age, 63.0±13.5 years) who underwent early postoperative showers from September 2020 to March 2021 at our institution. Postoperative showers were initiated after the drain was removed. Postoperative wound complications were examined and patient satisfaction was evaluated using questionnaires. RESULTS: Surgery was performed through sternotomy in 48 patients (48.0%) and through minimally invasive approaches (right or left mini-thoracotomy) in 52 patients (52.0%). The mean time from surgery to shower was 6.0±1.4 days. No wound dehiscence, superficial wound infection, or deep wound infection was observed. Questionnaires showed that more than 50% of patients thought they were not allowed to shower until more than 2 weeks after the operation. Patient satisfaction score was 7.4±2.3 out of 10 for early showers after cardiac surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that postoperative early showers after cardiac surgery are not associated with an increased risk of wound complications. Patient satisfaction was also high. Early postoperative showering can be considered after cardiac surgery.

Carbon-, binder-, and precious metal-free cathodes for non-aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries: nanoflake-decorated nanoneedle oxide arrays.

Rechargeable lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries have higher theoretical energy densities than today's lithium-ion batteries and are consequently considered to be an attractive energy storage technology to enable long-range electric vehicles. The main constituents comprising a cathode of a lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) battery, such as carbon and binders, suffer from irreversible decomposition, leading to significant performance degradation. Here, carbon- and binder-free cathodes based on nonprecious metal oxides are designed and fabricated for Li-O2 batteries. A novel structure of the oxide-only cathode having a high porosity and a large surface area is proposed that consists of numerous one-dimensional nanoneedle arrays decorated with thin nanoflakes. These oxide-only cathodes with the tailored architecture show high specific capacities and remarkably reduced charge potentials (in comparison with a carbon-only cathode) as well as excellent cyclability (250 cycles).

An ice-templated, pH-tunable self-assembly route to hierarchically porous graphene nanoscroll networks.

Porous graphene nanostructures are of great interest for applications in catalysis and energy storage. However, the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) macroporous graphene nanostructures with controlled morphology, porosity and surface area still presents significant challenges. Here we introduce an ice-templated self-assembly approach for the integration of two-dimensional graphene nanosheets into hierarchically porous graphene nanoscroll networks, where the morphology of porous structures can be easily controlled by varying the pH conditions during the ice-templated self-assembly process. We show that freeze-casting of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) solution results in the formation of 3D porous graphene microfoam below pH 8 and hierarchically porous graphene nanoscroll networks at pH 10. In addition, we demonstrate that graphene nanoscroll networks show promising electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).

A quasi-solid-state rechargeable lithium-oxygen battery based on a gel polymer electrolyte with an ionic liquid.

A quasi-solid-state lithium-oxygen battery constructed using a gel polymer electrolyte with an ionic liquid is proposed. The battery architecture incorporates a design feature that can be easily scaled up in size for use in large systems. The feasibility study demonstrates that the battery operates successfully for repeated discharge-charge cycles.

Doped lanthanum nickelates with a layered perovskite structure as bifunctional cathode catalysts for rechargeable metal-air batteries.

Rechargeable metal-air batteries have attracted a great interest in recent years because of their high energy density. The critical challenges facing these technologies include the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction-evolution reactions on a cathode (air electrode). Here, we report doped lanthanum nickelates (La2NiO4) with a layered perovskite structure that serve as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution in an aqueous alkaline electrolyte. Rechargeable lithium-air and zinc-air batteries assembled with these catalysts exhibit remarkably reduced discharge-charge voltage gaps (improved round-trip efficiency) as well as high stability during cycling.

Carbon-free cobalt oxide cathodes with tunable nanoarchitectures for rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries.

Carbon-free cobalt oxide cathodes for lithium-oxygen batteries are fabricated via an electrodeposition-conversion process. The Co3O4-only cathodes show a remarkably reduced voltage gap (by ca. 550 mV compared to the carbon-only cathode) as well as excellent long-term cyclability.

Promoting Li2O2 oxidation by an La(1.7)Ca(0.3)Ni(0.75)Cu(0.25)O4 layered perovskite in lithium-oxygen batteries.

We demonstrate for the first time that La(1.7)Ca(0.3)Ni(0.75)Cu(0.25)O(4) with a layered perovskite structure promotes electrochemical oxidation of Li(2)O(2) in lithium-oxygen batteries with a non-aqueous aprotic electrolyte.

Sodium terephthalate as an organic anode material for sodium ion batteries.

Disodium terephthalate and its various derivatives are synthesized via simple acid-base chemistry for anode materials in Na ion batteries. They show excellent electrochemical performance, including little capacity fading over 90 cycles, ideal redox potential, and excellent rate performance, making them promising candidates for Na ion batteries.

Microbial reduction of nitrate in the presence of nanoscale zero-valent iron.

Microbial reduction of nitrate in the presence of nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) was evaluated to assess the feasibility of employing NZVI in the biological nitrate treatment. Nitrate was completely reduced within 3d in a nanoscale Fe(0)-cell reactor, while only 50% of the nitrate was abiotically reduced over 7d at 25 degrees C. The removal rate of nitrate in the integrated NZVI-cell system was unaffected by the presence of high amounts of sulfate. Efficient removal of nitrate by Fe(II)-supported anaerobic culture in 14 d indicated that Fe(II), which is produced during anaerobic iron corrosion in the Fe(0)-cell system, might act as an electron donor for nitrate. Unlike abiotic reduction, microbial reduction of nitrate was not significantly affected by low temperature conditions. This study demonstrated the potential applicability of employing NZVI iron as a source of electrons for biological nitrate reduction. Use of NZVI for microbial nitrate reduction can obviate the disadvantages associated with traditional biological denitrification, that relies on the use of organic substrates or explosive hydrogen gas, and maintain the advantages offered by nano-particle technology such as higher surface reactivity and functionality in suspensions.

Rhamnolipid morphology and phenanthrene solubility at different pH values.

The effect of pH and rhamnolipids on the solubility of phenanthrene was investigated in a sand-water system. Batch phenanthrene solubilization experiments in this system showed that the highest phenanthrene solubility occurred at pH 5 in the presence of 240 and 150 mg L(-1) rhamnolipids. As the pH was increased from 5 to 7, the apparent solubility of phenanthrene decreased and then stabilized from pH 7 to 8. At pH 4, a dramatic decrease in phenanthrene solubility was observed. This result is in contrast to previous findings obtained in an aqueous system without soil particles. To investigate the reason for this decrease, the critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) were measured in the presence or absence of sand particles, and the maximum amount of sorbed biosurfactant at each pH was calculated based on the differences of the two CMC values. More rhamnolipid molecules were lost by the sorption into sand particles at pH 4 than at other pH values; this explains the dramatic decrease of solubility at pH 4 in the sand-water system. To confirm the explanation for the different solubilizing capacity that results from the structural change of biosurfactant aggregate, cryo-transmission electron microscopy was used. Micrographs showed that the rhamnolipid morphology changed from large lamellar sheets, to vesicle, and then to micelle as the pH increased. The large and multilamellar vesicles at pH 5 were considered to be the most effective structure for the solubilization of phenanthrene.

Ecological health assessment and remediation of the stream impacted by acid mine drainage of the Gwangyang mine area.

Ecological health in a temperate stream impacted by acid mine drainage (AMD) was evaluated by using a multimetric approach of the Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) based on natural fish assemblage. Recently, this approach has been widely used in many developed countries as a tool for ecological risk assessments of water environments. We used 10 metric systems, instead of 12 metrics suggested by Barbour, M. T., Gerritsen, J., Snyder, B. D., & Stribling, J. B. (1999). Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish, 2nd edn. EPA 841-B-99-002. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, for a development of the regional IBI model, and used trophic guilds, habitat guilds, and richness variables for the calculation of IBI values. In the model, the attributes of four of 11 metrics were modified for the regional application. IBI values in the stream averaged 20.6 (n = 5), indicating a "poor condition" in terms of ecological health according to the modified criteria of U.S. EPA (1993). Fish Field and Laboratory Methods for Evaluating the Biological Integrity of Surface Waters. EPA 600-R-92-111. Environmental Monitoring systems Laboratory - Cincinnati office of Modeling, Monitoring systems, and quality assurance Office of Research Development, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45268. In particular, mean IBI values in the impacted areas of sites 2 and 3 were 13, and this health condition was categorized as "very poor condition." IBI values in the impacted sites were significantly lower than the values found in the control. Also, we found that fishes in site sites 2 and 3 were not present during the study, and morphological deformity of Rhynchocypris oxycephalus was observed in site 4, influenced directly by sites 2 and 3, indicating a chemical impact in the sites. From the results of experiments in which AMD was treated with marine shells at stagnant condition, pH increased up to 6.0 from 3.1, and Fe and Al were removed up to 99% within 6 h. In the reactor experiment considering field application, pH of effluent maintained around 7.0. In addition, concentrations of Fe, Al, and heavy metals decreased remarkably in the effluents, and bottom-opened screen between neutralizer basins showed high effectiveness in the treatment of AMD.

Use of biosurfactant to remediate phenanthrene-contaminated soil by the combined solubilization-biodegradation process.

The applicability of the combined solubilization-biodegradation process was examined using soil-packed column. In the solubilization step, 50 pore volumes of 150 mg/l biosurfactants solution was injected and the percentage removal of phenanthrene (mg) was 17.3% and 9.5% from soil with pH 5 and 7, respectively. The highest solubility was detected at pH 5 and this result confirmed that adjusting the pH of the biosurfactants solution injected could enhance the solubility of phenanthrene. Following this, soil samples were completely transferred to batches and incubated for 10 weeks to monitor phenanthrene degradation. The phenanthrene concentration in the soil samples decreased significantly during the biodegradation step in all soil samples, except for the soil sample that was flushed with biosurfactants solution with pH 4. This indicated that the degradation of contaminants by specific species might not be affected by the residual biosurfactants following application of the solubilization process. Moreover, these results suggested that the biosurfactant-enhanced flushing process could be developed as a useful technology with no negative effects on subsurface environments and could be combined with the biodegradation process to increase the removal efficiency.

Earthworm toxicity during chemical oxidation of diesel-contaminated sand.

An ecotoxicity test with Eisenia fetida was performed to monitor the removal of diesel and toxicity variation during the ozonation process. The three-dimensional (3-D) cell test was introduced for the monitoring of the ozonation process, and the removal rate based on total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) mass was about 95% near the ozone inlet ports. This high removal rate might be caused by the low soil organic matter (SOM) content and low water content of sand. The use of a fiber-optic transflection dip probe (FOTDP) demonstrated that more than half of the injected ozone was consumed by reactions with diesel or natural ozone-consuming materials. The earthworm toxicity test using Eisenia fetida demonstrated that diesel concentrations in soil exceeding 10,000 mg/kg caused a dose-dependent weight loss in earthworms and increased mortality. Toxic effects were reduced greatly or eliminated after ozonation, and the degradation products of the ozonation were not toxic to the earthworms at the concentrations tested. One specific result was that the sublethal test on the earthworm might be more sensitive for the evaluation of the quality of contaminated soil, for some samples, which did not result in mortality and produced an adverse effect on weight.

Toxic effect of biosurfactant addition on the biodegradation of phenanthrene.

The effect of the biosurfactant rhamnolipid on phenanthrene biodegradation and cell growth of phenanthrene degraders was investigated. To compare the effect of rhamnolipid addition, two bacterial strains, 3Y and 4-3, which were isolated from a diesel-contaminated site in Korea, were selected. Without the biosurfactant, large amounts of phenanthrene were degraded with both strains at neutral pH, with higher rates of phenanthrene degradation when the cell growth was higher. Upon the addition of 240 mg/L rhamnolipid, the phenanthrene degradation and optical density were reduced, with this inhibitory effect similar for both 3Y and 4-3. To explain this inhibition, the cell growths of both strains were monitored with various concentrations of rhamnolipid, which showed significant toxic effects toward strain 3Y, but was nontoxic toward 4-3. Combining the inhibitory and toxicity results with regard to the biodegradation, different mechanisms can be suggested for each strain. In the biodegradation experiments, the toxicity of rhamnolipid itself mainly was responsible for the inhibitory effect in the case of 3Y, whereas the toxicity of solubilized phenanthrene or the increased toxicity of rhamnolipid in the presence of solubilized phenanthrene could have resulted in the inhibitory effect in the case of 4-3. This study demonstrated that the effectiveness of biosurfactant-enhanced biodegradation can be significantly different depending on the strain, and the toxicity of the biosurfactant should be considered as an important factor.

A biosurfactant-enhanced soil flushing for the removal of phenanthrene and diesel in sand.

In order to examine the potential of biosurfactants in soil remediation, and to investigate the effects of several operating conditions, such as flow rate, biosurfactant concentration and surfactant type, biosurfactant-enhanced soil flushing was conducted. In the biosurfactant-enhanced soil flushing process, the removal efficiency increased as the flow rate decreased. Rhamnolipid showed no effect on the removal efficiency of phenanthrene and diesel from sand in the concentration range 0.3-0.5%. However, rhamnolipid showed higher efficiencies for the removal of phenanthrene and diesel from sand than Tween 80. Based on total recovery, following an equivalent pore volume flush, it was more difficult to remove diesel than phenanthrene. In order to obtain the specific removal efficiency, more pore volumes of surfactant solution may be required in field applications. Under optimum conditions, the biosurfactant removed as much as 70% of the phenanthrene and 60% of the diesel in the sand. These results indicate that the use of biosurfactants in the flushing process is favorable, not only with respect to the environment, but also on removal efficiencies.