ABSTRACT
Human noroviruses (NoVs) are major causes of nonbacterial gastroenteritis; they are transmitted by food and water, as well as person-to-person. The consumption of contaminated raw or uncooked food such as vegetables and fruits has been identified as a common source of human NoV outbreaks. In an effort to understand the survival and persistence of human NoVs on fresh produce, the efficacy of washing treatments in the removal of human NoVs from vegetables was evaluated. This study used artificially contaminated vegetables (iceberg lettuce and perilla leaf), and washing was done with tap water for convenience. Wash treatments included immersion in water, rinsing with running water, and a combination of immersion and rinsing (treatments I to III, respectively). The effect of a class I detergent, a commercial product used for washing fruits and vegetables, was also evaluated (treatment IV). After the wash treatments, the remnants of human NoVs on samples were measured via real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. The results varied among treatments and by vegetable. For iceberg lettuce, a reduction of 0.9 log was noted in the treatment III group. The wash treatment was more effective in the perilla leaf samples: each treatment significantly reduced the numbers of human NoVs (0.69- to 1.29-log reduction). These data demonstrated that wash treatments reduced numbers of virus from the surfaces of the vegetables. Therefore, washing would seem to be a basic step in reducing numbers of virus in food preparation and in viral transmission routes.
Subject(s)
Consumer Product Safety , Food Handling/methods , Lactuca/virology , Norovirus/drug effects , Perilla/virology , Water/pharmacology , Colony Count, Microbial , Disinfectants/pharmacology , Food Contamination/analysis , Food Contamination/prevention & control , Food Microbiology , Humans , Vegetables/virologyABSTRACT
Jacaranone and related compounds (1-3) were isolated, along with three triterpenes (4-6), from the fresh fruits of Ternstroemia japonica. The compounds were identified as jacaranone (1), 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrojacaranone (2), 3-methoxy-2,3-dihydrojacaranone (3), 3-O-acetyloleanolic acid (4), 3-O-acetylursolic acid (5), and ursolic acid (6). Jacaranone and its derivatives were isolated for the first time from Theaceae. Of the isolated compounds, compound 3 is a new compound. Jacaranone (1) exhibited weak antioxidative effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Plants, Medicinal/chemistry , Quinones/isolation & purification , Theaceae/chemistry , Triterpenes/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Benzoquinones , Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry , Biphenyl Compounds/metabolism , Fruit/chemistry , Hydrazines/chemistry , Hydrazines/metabolism , Korea , Molecular Structure , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular , Picrates , Quinones/chemistry , Quinones/pharmacology , Triterpenes/chemistry , Triterpenes/pharmacology , Ursolic AcidABSTRACT
Three new triterpenoidal monodesmosides (1-3) and three new triterpenoidal bisdesmosides (4-6), together with two known saponins (7 and 8), were isolated from the fresh fruits of Ternstroemia japonica. The structures of 1-6 (ternstroemiasides A-F) were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical degradation.
