Biomechanical Comparison of FiberLock Suspensionplasty and Flexor Carpi Radialis Ligament Reconstruction for Treatment of Thumb Carpometacarpal Osteoarthritis.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the cyclic and load to failure characteristics of post-trapeziectomy suspensionplasty with the FiberLock Suspension System (FLSS; Arthrex Inc., Naples, Florida) to flexor carpi radialis ligament reconstruction (FCRLR). We hypothesized that the FLSS will have increased stiffness, yield, and ultimate load compared with FCRLR. METHODS: Ten matched pairs of cadaveric hands were used. One side of each pair was randomly assigned to receive the FCRLR or FLSS and the contralateral side received the other suspensionplasty. A complete trapeziectomy was performed followed by FLSS or FCRLR. Cyclic and load to failure characteristics were measured with loading in the distal to proximal direction. A preload of 1 N with 30 cycles of 1 N to 10 N was applied, followed by load to failure. A paired t test was used for statistical analysis (P < .05). RESULTS: The FLSS had significantly decreased nonrecoverable deformation and deformation at peak load during cyclic loading (P < .04). The FLSS also had significantly increased stiffness, yield load, ultimate load, and load and energy absorbed at 10 mm displacement compared with FCRLR (P < .04). All 10 FCRLR specimens failed with suture tearing through the tendon. Nine FLSS specimens failed due to suture slipping from the SwiveLock anchor (Arthrex Inc., Naples, Florida) and 1 failed due to the FiberTak anchor (Arthrex Inc., Naples, Florida) pulling through the index metacarpal. CONCLUSION: Suspensionplasty with the FLSS demonstrated greater structural integrity compared with FCRLR following trapeziectomy. The FLSS procedure may result in decreased thumb subsidence and decreased construct failure.

Internal brace augmentation improves the biomechanical properties of trapeziometacarpal joint dorsoradial ligament repair.

This study investigated whether dorsoradial ligament repair with internal brace augmentation provided more immediate stability in the trapeziometacarpal joint than dorsoradial ligament repair alone. Seven matched pairs of cadaveric hands were used. One specimen from each pair was assigned to the repair-only group and the other to the repair + internal brace augmentation group. Trapeziometacarpal joint range of motion and translation were quantified under different conditions for both groups: (1) intact, (2) transected dorsoradial ligament, and (3) repaired dorsoradial ligament or repaired dorsoradial ligament plus internal brace augmentation. Load-to-failure tests were performed after repair. Range of motion and translation were increased by dorsoradial ligament transection and were decreased by dorsoradial ligament repair; however, compared to the intact condition, the repair-only group demonstrated greater flexion/extension range, while the repair + internal brace group showed no significant difference in range of motion. Mean loads at 2- and 3-mm displacements were greater in the repair + internal brace group than in the repair-only group (18.0 ± 1.8 N vs. 10.8 ± 1.3 N for 2 mm displacement and 35.3 ± 3.7 N vs. 23.1 ± 2.9 N for 3 mm displacement, respectively). Internal brace augmentation improved the load-to-failure characteristics of dorsoradial ligament repair without compromising range of motion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Management of Hand and Wrist Injuries in NCAA Division I Football Players From a Single Institution: Factors Associated With Epidemiology, Surgical Intervention, and Return to Play.

Background: Upper extremity injuries account for approximately 16.9% of football injuries in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Purpose: To determine the epidemiology, management, and outcomes of hand/wrist injuries in collegiate football athletes so as to identify factors associated with surgical intervention and delayed return to play (RTP). Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed hand/wrist injuries that occurred within a single NCAA Division I football team from January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2020. Data analyzed included player position, college seniority, injury characteristics, injury management, surgical procedures performed, and timing of RTP. A univariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with increased risk for surgical intervention and delayed (>21 days) RTP after hand and wrist injury in this cohort. Results: Overall, 124 patients with 168 hand/wrist injuries were identified (9.9 wrist/hand injuries per year). Sprain of the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) was the most common diagnosis (19.6%). Surgery was required in 22% of injuries, with injury of the UCL of the thumb MCP joint (8/37) being the most common indication. Injuries occurring during competitive games (odds ratio = 4.29; 95% CI, 1.2-15.9) were associated with an increased risk for surgery. Most (70%) injuries did not lead to time missed from football, whereas the remaining 30% resulted in an average of 33 ± 36 days missed. Conclusion: Over 17 athletic seasons, the annual incidence of hand and wrist injury in these NCAA Division I football players was 9.9 injuries per year, with 22% requiring surgical treatment. Injury to the UCL of the thumb MCP joint was the most common injury and indication for surgery, and 30% of injuries resulted in approximately 1 month lost. Injuries sustained in games were associated with operative management and delayed RTP.

Return to Play After Thumb Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries Managed Surgically in Athletes-A Systematic Review.

Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the available data on how surgical management of injuries to the thumb ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) complex affects athletes and their return-to-play (RTP) and postinjury performance metrics in addition to evaluating rehabilitation guidelines. Methods: A systematic search was performed on PubMed and Embase databases for articles on outcomes of surgical treatment of thumb UCL injuries in athletes. Articles with expert recommendations on postoperative management and RTP guidelines were also included separately. Study characteristics were recorded, including sport, RTP rates, and data on performance. Recommendations were summarized by sport. The Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) criteria was used to assess methodological quality. The authors also present their recommended return-to-sport algorithm. Results: Twenty-three articles were included, including 11 with reports on patients and 12 expert opinions on guiding RTP. The mean MINORS score for the applicable studies was 9.4. In the 311 patients included, RTP was 98.1% in aggregate. No performance detriments were noted in athletes after surgery. Thirty-two (10.3%) patients had postoperative complications. The recommendations on timing to RTP vary by sport and author, but all recommended initial thumb protection when returning to sport. Newer techniques, such as suture tape augmentation, suggest the permission for earlier motion. Conclusions: Return-to-play rates after surgical treatment of thumb UCL injuries are high, with reassuring return to preinjury level of play with few complications. Recommendations for surgical technique have trended toward suture anchors and, now, suture tape augmentation with earlier motion protocols, although rehabilitation guidelines vary by sport and author. Current information on thumb UCL surgery in athletes is limited by the low quality of evidence and expert recommendations. Type of study/level of evidence: Prognostic IV.

Accelerated Return to Play in Professional Basketball Players With Surgically-Treated Metacarpal Shaft Fractures.

Background: Traditional rehabilitation protocols for surgically treated metacarpal shaft fracture allow for return to play at 6-8 weeks post-operative. This may be devastating for the elite athlete. We outline a protocol that may allow for professional basketball players to successfully return to sport within four weeks following surgery. Methods: Professional basketball players who sustained non-thumb metacarpal shaft fractures were included. All athletes underwent open reduction and internal fixation of the injured metacarpal. Patients were subsequently enrolled into an accelerated rehabilitation protocol. Results: The five athletes in our case series successfully passed return to sport testing within four weeks of surgery. Conclusion: A plate and screw construct can potentially allow for professional basketball players to return to play in half the time. Future research studies should include a larger pool of athletes to further investigate accelerated rehabilitation following surgical fixation of metacarpal fractures. Level of Evidence: IV.

Treatment of Thumb Metacarpophalangeal Joint Hyperextension by Volar Plate Advancement and Capsulodesis With Suture Tape Augmentation.

Basal joint arthritis is commonly associated with attenuation of the volar structures at the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint, leading to an initially dynamic, and eventually passive hyperextension deformity. In surgical treatment of basilar thumb disease, intervention at the MCP joint should also be considered to correct deformity and prevent persistent dysfunction. We present a novel technique using suture tape augmentation of the thumb MCP joint volar plate advancement and capsulodesis, with the goal of preventing recurrent instability as a result of tissue attenuation and enabling early functional recovery. We also report a representative case of a 66-year-old woman with symptomatic thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis and 50 degrees of MCP passive hyperextension. She underwent trapeziectomy and MCP joint volar plate advancement and capsulodesis with suture tape augmentation. Postoperatively, the patient underwent early mobilization of the affected thumb and at final follow-up of 2 years postsurgery had a painless thumb with full opposition and without hyperextension at the MCP joint during pinch maneuvers.

Cryoneurolysis for Digital Neuralgia in Professional Baseball Players: A Case Series.

Background: Thumb injuries are common in baseball players and can sometimes be challenging to effectively manage. A subset of patients experience failed nonoperative management yet do not have a clear indication for surgery. Cryoneurolysis or cryoanalgesia is a form of neuromodulation for pain that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration; it has been used safely and effectively on a variety of peripheral nerves. The mechanism of action involves percutaneous introduction of a small probe under local anesthetic to nerve tissue using ultrasound guidance. The probe is then cooled to -88°C using nitrous oxide, which results in secondary Wallerian degeneration. Axonal and myelin regeneration occurs completely in 3 to 6 months. Purpose: To describe a nonsurgical approach to refractory digital neuralgia using cryoneurolysis in a series of professional baseball players. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Included were 3 professional baseball players, each presenting with thumb pain in his top batting hand refractory to nonoperative modalities. Visualization of the superficial radial sensory and ulnar digital nerves was obtained using ultrasound. The skin was prepared in sterile fashion. A 22-gauge, 1.5-inch (3.8-cm) needle was then advanced using ultrasound guidance, and local anesthetic was applied. Both treatment sites were marked using a skin marker. Cryoneurolysis was performed using a 5-mm tip, and 60-second treatment cycles were performed at each site. Each of the cycles resulted in a roughly 5 × 7-mm lesion visible as hypoechoic signal. Results: All 3 players endorsed significant and prolonged relief and were able to return to an elite level of play. Conclusion: Study findings indicated marked efficacy and safety of using cryoneurolysis of the ulnar digital nerve and the superficial radial sensory nerve in a small group of elite baseball players with refractory digital neuralgia.

Not so rational: A more natural way to understand the ANS.

In contrast to Clarke and Beck's claim that that the approximate number system (ANS) represents rational numbers, we argue for a more modest alternative: The ANS represents natural numbers, and there are separate, non-numeric processes that can be used to represent ratios across a wide range of domains, including natural numbers.

Thumb Carpometacarpal Instability.

The basal joint complex of the thumb provides the framework necessary for function of the human hand. Although its unique saddle articulation allows for a wide range of motion necessary for routine function of the hand, it is rendered inherently unstable because of poor bony congruency and reliance on its capsuloligamentous support. Painful instability of this joint can stem from several causes including traumatic dislocation, various hypermobility conditions, and chronic overuse and microtrauma. A thorough history and examination as well adequate imaging is necessary for proper evaluation of instability. Treatment options range from nonoperative modalities to surgery, which entails closed, percutaneous, or open reduction with numerous ligament repair and reconstruction techniques. Arthroscopy can also serve to be a useful adjunct for assessment of the joint and stabilization of the critical capsuloligamentous structures. This review outlines the critical osseous and soft-tissue anatomy surrounding the thumb carpometacarpal joint, the key points in evaluating patients presenting with acute traumatic and chronic thumb carpometacarpal instability without fracture or arthritis, and reviews both nonoperative and operative treatments of this injury.

Kinematic analysis of two scapholunate ligament reconstruction techniques.

PURPOSE: This study compares the kinematic changes after the procedures for scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) reconstruction-the modified Brunelli technique (MBT) and Mark Henry's technique (MHT). METHODS: Ten cadaveric wrists were used. The scapholunate (SL) interval and angle and radiolunate (RL) angle were recorded using the MicroScribe system. The SL interval was measured by dividing the volar and dorsal portions. Four motions of the wrist were performed-neutral, flexion, extension, and clenched fist (CF) positions-and compared among five conditions: (1) intact wrist, (2) volar SLIL resection, (3) whole SLIL resection, (4) MBT reconstruction, and (5) MHT reconstruction. RESULTS: Under the whole SLIL resection condition, the dorsal SL intervals were widened in all positions. In all positions, the dorsal SL intervals were restored after MBT and MHT. The volar SL interval widened in the extension position after volar SLIL resection. The volar SL interval was not restored in the extension position after MBT and MHT. The SL angle increased in the neutral and CF positions under the whole SLIL resection condition. The SL angle was not restored in the neutral and CF positions after MBT and MHT. The RL angle increased in the neutral and CF positions under the whole SLIL resection condition. The RL angle was not restored in the neutral and CF positions after MBT and MHT. CONCLUSION: The MBT and MHT may restore the dorsal SL interval. No significant differences in restoration of the SL interval between MBT and MHT were found in the cadaveric models. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: No significant differences between MBT and MHT were found in the cadaveric models for SLIL reconstruction. When considering the complications due to volar incision and additional procedures in MHT, MBT may be a more efficient technique in terms of operative time and injury of the anterior structures during surgery, but further research is needed.

Comparison of Three Different Internal Brace Augmentation Techniques for Scapholunate Dissociation: A Cadaveric Biomechanical Study.

Internal bracing (IB) is an augmentation method using high-strength nonabsorbable tape. However, there is no detailed information about the direction, location, or number of IBs required for scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) injury repair. Thus, this study compared the biomechanical characteristics of short-transverse IB, long-oblique IB, and the combination of short-transverse and long-oblique (Combo) IB for SLIL injury in a biomechanical cadaveric model. We prepared nine fresh-frozen full upper extremity cadaveric specimens for this study. The scapholunate distance, scapholunate angle, and radioscaphoid angle were measured using the MicroScribe digitizing system with the SLIL intact, after scapholunate dissociation and the three different reconstructions. Three-dimensional digital records were obtained in six wrist positions in each experimental condition. Short-transverse IB had a similar effect compared with long-oblique IB in addressing the widening of the scapholunate distance. However, both were less effective than Combo IB. For scaphoid flexion deformity, short-transverse IB had minimal effect, while long-oblique IB had a similar effect compared to Combo IB. Combo IB was the most effective for improving distraction intensity and rotational strength. This study provides important information about the biomechanical characteristics of three different IB methods for SLIL injury and may be useful to clinicians in treating scapholunate dissociation.

Biomechanical Analysis of Thumb Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tear Kinematics.

Background: Thumb ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries are common, but the kinematics of these injuries have not been comprehensively described, especially regarding kinematic changes with progressive UCL injury. Methods: Eleven cadaveric thumbs underwent kinematic testing under 4 conditions: intact, partial tear (50%) of the proper UCL, full tear of the proper UCL, and complete tear of both the proper and accessory UCL. Kinematic testing parameters included varus/valgus stress, pronation/supination, and volar/dorsal translation at -10 degree, 0 degree, 15 degree, and 30 degree of metacarpophalangeal flexion. Results: Partial tear of the proper UCL did not result in significant increases in laxity in any direction compared with intact (P ≥ .132). Full tear of the proper UCL resulted in a significant increase in valgus angulation (18.8° ± 1.7° vs 11.5° ± 1.5°; P = .024) and pronation (15.4° ± 2.5° vs 12.6° ± 2.3°; P = .034) at 30 degree of flexion relative to intact. Complete tear of both the proper and accessory collateral ligaments resulted in increased valgus angulation at all degrees of flexion (P < .001). Complete tear also resulted in a significant volar translation at 0 degree, 15 degree, and 30 degree of flexion (P ≤ .016). Conclusion: Partial tear of the proper UCL does not significantly affect the stability of the joint, but full tear of the proper UCL increases valgus instability at 30 degree of flexion. Complete tear of the UCL is necessary for increased varus/valgus instability at all degrees of flexion and results in significant increases in pronation/supination and volar translation.

Epidemiology and Impact of Hand and Wrist Injuries in Major and Minor League Baseball.

Background: Professional baseball players are at risk of acute and chronic injuries to their upper extremities. Methods: Major League Baseball's Health and Injury Tracking System, a prospective injury surveillance system, was used to identify and characterize all hand and wrist injuries sustained by all Major League Baseball (MLB) and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) players during the pre-, regular, and postseason throughout 2011-2016. Injuries were included if they resulted in at least 1 day out of play and were sustained during standard baseball activities. Days missed were defined as the time between injury and the first time in which a player was cleared to return to play. Results: During the study period, there were 4478 hand and 1748 wrist injuries throughout MLB and MiLB, which resulted in a total of 105 246 days out of play. This was equivalent to the length of 575 individual MLB player seasons, and the mean days missed per injury was 17 days. Most injuries were traumatic in nature, with 43% (n = 2672) of players injured after being hit by a baseball that mainly occurred during batting (n = 2521; 40%). Injuries that most frequently required surgical intervention were hook of hamate fractures (72%) and scaphoid fractures (60%). Conclusions: Understanding the epidemiology and impact of hand and wrist injuries in MLB and MiLB players may lead to improved management of these injuries and reduce time away from play. Most importantly, preventive measures and/or enhanced protective gear may be developed to minimize these types of injuries in MLB and MiLB.

Volar Plate Capsulodesis With Internal Brace Augmentation for the Claw Hand.

Claw hand deformity is characterized by hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joints. Surgical treatment of claw hand deformities often involves soft tissue procedures such as tendon transfers or volar plate capsulodesis. However, tissue attenuation over time can lead to recurrence of the deformity. Augmentation with an internal brace may help to address this problem. This report presents a novel technique for the treatment of claw hand deformity involving augmentation of the traditional volar plate capsulodesis with internal brace. Two illustrative cases utilizing the described technique are presented.

Return to Play in Athletes After Thumb Ulnar Collateral Ligament Repair With Suture Tape Augmentation.

BACKGROUND: Thumb ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tears are common in competitive athletes. These tears often occur as a result of a radially directed force on an extended thumb. To date, no literature exists on the use of suture tape augmentation for repair of the thumb UCL in a competitive athlete cohort. HYPOTHESIS: Using suture tape augmentation for the thumb UCL will allow for a safe and expedient return to play in competitive athletes. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was completed to identify all patients who underwent operative primary thumb UCL repair between 2014 and 2018. All procedures were performed at a single institution by the senior author. Inclusion criteria were acute complete tears of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint UCL, treated with primary repair via suture tape augmentation in competitive high school, collegiate, or professional athletes. Exclusion criteria included recreational athletes, patients who underwent reconstruction (rather than repair), and patients with insufficient follow-up to establish return to play. Charts of patients identified through the retrospective review were further evaluated to determine patient- and injury-related variables. Return to play was defined as return to game competition and stratified as to whether this was at the same level of competition or any level of competition. RESULTS: A total of 18 thumbs in 17 competitive high school, collegiate, and professional athletes were included in this study. One of the professional basketball players sustained injury to both thumbs approximately 10 months apart. The study group comprised 4 collegiate baseball players, 6 professional baseball players, 3 professional basketball players, 1 professional hockey player, 1 amateur-level hockey player, 1 high school basketball player, and 1 high school volleyball player. Mean follow-up was 27.9 months, and no complications were noted. Athletes who sustained an in-season injury (n = 13; 72.2%) returned to play at any level at a mean ± SD of 30.9 ± 10.1 days and at the same level at 36.3 ± 11.2 days. Athletes who sustained an out-of-season injury (n = 5; 27.8%) returned to play at any level at 101.4 ± 86.6 days and at the same level at 114.6 ± 87.0 days. CONCLUSION: The findings presented here offer evidence for return to play in competitive high school, collegiate, and professional athletes with a thumb UCL tear treated with repair and suture tape augmentation. All athletes returned to the same level of play. Those attempting to return in-season returned to the same level of play at a mean of just under 5 weeks. Augmenting the repair with anchored suture may prevent prolonged immobilization, expedite thumb motion, and improve postoperative recovery.

Internal Bracing Augmentation for Scapholunate Interosseous Ligament Repair: A Cadaveric Biomechanical Study.

PURPOSE: Internal bracing (IB) is an augmentation method using high-strength nonabsorbable tape. This study compared scapholunate interosseous ligament (SLIL) repair alone, SLIL repair with IB augmentation (RIBA), and native intact SLIL (NIS) in a biomechanical cadaveric model. METHODS: We used 21 specimens of fresh-frozen wrists in this study (7 matched pairs, SLIL repair-only and SLIL RIBA groups; and 7 independent fresh-frozen wrists, NIS group). In the SLIL RIBA group, augmentation using IB was performed after the repair. The specimens were preloaded and cyclically loaded in tension. Maximum extension and hysteresis were measured in all specimens. The specimens were subsequently tested for load to failure. Failure load (yield point load, mean ultimate load, and load at clinical failure) and linear stiffness were calculated. RESULTS: In cyclic tensile testing, RIBA showed lower maximum extension and lower hysteresis than repair alone. In load to failure testing, the yield point load was statistically higher in the RIBA (59.3 N) group than in the repair-only (30.4 N) group but showed no significant difference compared with the NIS (90.7 N) groups. Moreover, the RIBA (98.5 N) group showed higher and lower mean ultimate loads than the repair-only (37.7 N) and NIS (211.8 N) groups, respectively. Load at clinical failure was higher with RIBA than with repair alone (3-mm extension: 70.0 vs 26.4 N; 4-mm extension: 84.1 vs 33.4 N). Repair alone and RIBA had comparable linear stiffness (38.2 vs 44.1 N/mm). CONCLUSIONS: Although SLIL RIBA did not recreate biomechanical properties equivalent to those of NIS, it demonstrated a significantly higher strength than repair alone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Repair with IB augmentation could serve as a novel surgical technique that enhances SLIL direct repair through biomechanical support.

Kinematics of Thumb Ulnar Collateral Ligament Repair With Suture Tape Augmentation.

PURPOSE: Acute thumb ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tears are common injuries of the thumb in athletes. Thumb UCL repair with suture tape augmentation is a novel procedure that may allow earlier return to play. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical characteristics of the thumb after UCL repair with and without suture tape augmentation. METHODS: Eight cadaveric thumbs were tested in a custom hand testing system. Varus-valgus kinematics were measured at -10°, 0°, 15°, and 30° of thumb metacarpophalangeal flexion under the following conditions: (1) intact thumb UCL, (2) complete UCL tear (proper and accessory ligaments), (3) UCL repair, and (4) UCL repair with suture tape augmentation. Angular stiffness was also quantified after application of sequentially increasing valgus torque in the intact UCL repair and the UCL repair with suture tape augmentation conditions. RESULTS: Complete UCL tear increased total varus-valgus angulation at all degrees of thumb metacarpophalangeal flexion. Thumb UCL repair alone and repair with suture tape augmentation decreased total varus-valgus angulation relative to complete UCL tear at all flexion angles. Total varus-valgus angulation was not significantly different from intact results for either the repair alone or the repair with suture tape augmentation at all flexion angles. Repair with suture tape augmentation had significantly higher valgus angular stiffness compared with repair alone but not compared with intact. CONCLUSIONS: Thumb UCL repair with suture tape augmentation is able to restore varus-valgus kinematics after complete UCL tear without over-constraining the joint. In addition, the higher angular stiffness afforded by the suture tape augmentation may allow for earlier rehabilitation after surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Thumb UCL repair with suture tape augmentation may allow earlier return to sport in athletes than with repair alone.

Return to Play After Hook of Hamate Excision in Baseball Players.

BACKGROUND: Fractures of the hook of hamate in baseball players are significant injuries that can lead to pain and missed time from competition. The diagnosis is typically delayed because of the vagueness of symptoms and normal radiographic findings. Excision of the nonunited fragment has been supported as the primary treatment, but there are currently limited information and data on a timetable for return to competition after surgery. PURPOSE: To report on a large cohort of competitive baseball players with hook of hamate fractures treated with excision of the fragment and to assess the timetable for return to full athletic competition. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Competitive baseball players treated between 2012 and 2017 with hook of hamate excision for acute fractures or chronic fracture nonunions were retrospectively identified. All patients were treated by the same surgeon, and the time to return to full athletic competition was assessed. Return to play was defined as reaching the athlete's preinjury level and being able to perform full sport activities. RESULTS: A total of 41 baseball players were identified, all of whom were documented to have a chronic presentation of a nonunion or partial union. The population consisted completely of male athletes, with a median age of 21 years (range, 18-34 years). All patients were competitive athletes, with 12 professional baseball players, 17 collegiate baseball players, and 12 high school baseball players. All patients were treated with hook of hamate excision, with 7 patients undergoing concomitant procedures as indicated. The median time to return to play was 5 weeks (range, 3-7 weeks). The time to return to play was similar between professional, collegiate, and high school athletes. All athletes returned to their preinjury level of activity by 7 weeks postoperatively. CONCLUSION: This study confirms that excision of the fractured hook provides predictable, early return to play, with a limited complication rate.

Suture Tape Augmentation of the Thumb Ulnar Collateral Ligament Repair: A Biomechanical Study.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the biomechanical strength of repair of the thumb ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) alone and repair augmented with suture tape. METHODS: Twelve fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens (6 matched pairs) had the UCL divided at its attachment on the base of the proximal phalanx and repaired with or without suture tape augmentation. A material testing machine was used to provide valgus stress at a rate of 0.1 mm/s until failure. The maximum load, load at clinical failure, and mode of failure were recorded. RESULTS: In the specimens with UCL repair augmented with suture tape, the maximum load (46.6 N [SD, 25.6 N]) and load at clinical failure (25.3 N [SD, 18.3 N]) were significantly higher than in the repair-only group (8.02 N [SD, 2.24 N]) and (6.00 N [SD, 2.39 N], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In this model, thumb UCL repair with suture tape augmentation demonstrated greater maximum and clinical failure loads compared with nonaugmented repair at time 0, that is, without any biological healing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Suture tape augmentation of UCL repair may be valuable in the setting of acute tears by decreasing the time of postoperative cast immobilization and, therefore, allowing for earlier thumb metacarpophalangeal joint motion and overall faster clinical recovery.

Repair of the Thumb Ulnar Collateral Ligament With Suture Tape Augmentation.

One of the most commonly injured structures of the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint is the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL). An acute injury of this ligament is often amenable to primary repair. Despite the favorable outcomes of primary repair, the thumb is often restricted during initial healing of the ligament with immobilization and delayed rehabilitation. We present a novel technique to augment the repair of the UCL with suture tape to provide immediate biomechanical support and strength during the critical time of ligament healing. We describe the surgical technique of suture tape augmentation for thumb UCL repair. At the ulnar aspect of the thumb MCP joint, a longitudinal midaxial incision is made. Subsequently, the adductor pollicis aponeurosis and extensor mechanism are identified, incised, and retracted. The UCL is exposed and usually torn off the volar-ulnar base of the proximal phalanx. A 2.5-mm PushLock anchor loaded with 1.3-mm SutureTape and 3-0 FiberWire suture, is placed into a hole at the volar-ulnar base of the proximal phalanx after preparation with a 1.8-mm drill bit. The 3-0 FiberWire is used for direct repair of the ligament. Both tails of the 1.3-mm SutureTape is then brought proximally over the ligament and loaded into a 3.5-mm SwiveLock anchor. A 3.2-mm drill bit is then used to make a hole at the ulnar aspect of the metacarpal head, just proximal to the attachment of the proximal UCL. With the thumb MCP joint held in at least 30 degrees of flexion, the tape-loaded 3.5-mm SwiveLock anchor is inserted into metacarpal head. Reinforcement of the repair is then carried out with fine absorbable suture to surrounding capsular tissue. We present a representative case of a professional basketball player treated with this novel procedure. After the surgical repair, the patient was placed in a plaster splint for 3 days to immobilize the thumb and wrist. At 3 days postsurgery, the splint was removed and therapy initiated. Practice drills were initiated at 1 week postsurgery with the use of a removable hand-based thumb spica custom splint. During the entire postoperative period, the left thumb MCP joint had excellent stability to radial stress at full extension and 30 degrees of flexion. In addition, at 3 weeks postsurgery, the patient was able to oppose the thumb tip to the palmar-digital crease of the small finger and MCP joint motion was 0 to 50 degrees. The patient began strengthening exercises at this time, along with the ability to participate in all position-specific drills. At 5 weeks postsurgery, the patient was cleared to return to full play, without use of a splint. At 37 days postsurgery, the patient returned to competitive play. During competitive play, the player completed the entire remaining season of 25 games as well as extended competition into the playoffs of 7 games without further incident or time missed. At the latest follow-up, the patient is 6 months postprocedure and continues to remain asymptomatic with full participation in playing sports. During the critical time of ligament healing, the UCL repair can be enhanced with synthetic material to obviate the need for prolonged postoperative immobilization. We offer a novel surgical technique that enhances primary repair of the thumb UCL through appended biomechanical support. Under these circumstances, with structural support augmentation, the recovery and rehabilitation process can be expedited for patients to allow an earlier return to activities.