Brain lipidomics: From functional landscape to clinical significance.

Lipids are crucial components of cellular function owing to their role in membrane formation, intercellular signaling, energy storage, and homeostasis maintenance. In the brain, lipid dysregulations have been associated with the etiology and progression of neurodegeneration and other neurological pathologies. Hence, brain lipids are emerging as important potential targets for the early diagnosis and prognosis of neurological diseases. This review aims to highlight the significance and usefulness of lipidomics in diagnosing and treating brain diseases. We explored lipid alterations associated with brain diseases, paying attention to organ-specific characteristics and the functions of brain lipids. As the recent advances in brain lipidomics would have been impossible without advances in analytical techniques, we provide up-to-date information on mass spectrometric approaches and integrative analysis with other omic approaches. Last, we present the potential applications of lipidomics combined with artificial intelligence techniques and interdisciplinary collaborative research for treating brain diseases with clinical heterogeneities.

Reduction in urban atmospheric CO2 enhancement in Seoul, South Korea, resulting from social distancing policies during the COVID-19 pandemic.

With the spread of the COVID-19 virus globally, cities worldwide have implemented unprecedented social distancing policies to mitigate infection rates. Many studies have demonstrated that improved air quality and reduced carbon emissions have resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, questions remain regarding changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations because of the complex cycles involving the interaction of CO2 with the natural environment. In this study, we compared the changes in urban CO2 enhancement (△CO2) reflecting the contribution of local CO2 emissions to the atmospheric CO2 in urban areas, according to the intensity of social distancing policies implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic in Seoul, South Korea. We used data from three CO2 ground observation sites in the central area of Seoul and outside the urban area of Seoul. By comparing the urban CO2 concentration in Seoul with that of the background area using two different methods, considering both vertical and horizontal differences in CO2 concentration, we quantified the △CO2 of the pre-COVID-19 period and two COVID-19 periods, during which intensive social distancing policies with different intensities were implemented (Level 1, Level 2.5). During the pre-COVID-19 period, the average △CO2 calculated using the two methods was 24.82 ppm, and it decreased significantly to 16.42 and 14.36 ppm during the Level 1 and Level 2.5 periods, respectively. In addition, the urban contribution of Seoul to atmospheric CO2 concentration decreased from 5.27% during the pre-COVID-19 period to 3.54% and 3.19% during the Level 1 and Level 2.5 periods, respectively. The results indicate that the social distancing policies implemented in Seoul resulted in reduced local CO2 emissions, leading to a reduction in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Interestingly, it also shows that the extent of atmospheric CO2 concentration reduction can be greatly affected by the intensity of policies. Our study suggests that changes in human activity could reduce the urban direct contribution to the background CO2 concentration helping to further mitigate climate change.

Development of real-time dual-display handheld and bench-top hybrid-mode SD-OCTs.

Development of a dual-display handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT) system for retina and optic-nerve-head diagnosis beyond the volunteer motion constraints is reported. The developed system is portable and easily movable, containing the compact portable OCT system that includes the handheld probe and computer. Eye posterior chambers were diagnosed using the handheld probe, and the probe could be fixed to the bench-top cradle depending on the volunteers' physical condition. The images obtained using this handheld probe were displayed in real time on the computer monitor and on a small secondary built-in monitor; the displayed images were saved using the handheld probe's built-in button. Large-scale signal-processing procedures such as k-domain linearization, fast Fourier transform (FFT), and log-scaling signal processing can be rapidly applied using graphics-processing-unit (GPU) accelerated processing rather than central-processing-unit (CPU) processing. The Labview-based system resolution is 1,024 × 512 pixels, and the frame rate is 56 frames/s, useful for real-time display. The 3D images of the posterior chambers including the retina, optic-nerve head, blood vessels, and optic nerve were composed using real-time displayed images with 500 × 500 × 500 pixel resolution. A handheld and bench-top hybrid mode with a dual-display handheld OCT was developed to overcome the drawbacks of the conventional method.

Policy Directions Addressing the Public Health Impact of Climate Change in South Korea: The Climate-change Health Adaptation and Mitigation Program.

Climate change, caused by global warming, is increasingly recognized as a major threat to mankind's survival. Climate change concurrently has both direct and modifying influences on environmental, social, and public health systems undermining human health as a whole. Environmental health policy-makers need to make use of political and technological alternatives to address these ramifying effects. The objective of this paper is to review public health policy in Korea, as well as internationally, particularly as it relates to climate change health adaptation and mitigation programs (such as C-CHAMP of Korea), in order to assess and elicit directions for a robust environmental health policy that is adaptive to the health impacts of climate change. In Korea, comprehensive measures to prevent or mitigate overall health effects are limited, and the diffusion of responsibility among various government departments makes consistency in policy execution very difficult. This paper proposes integration, synergy, and utilization as the three core principles of policy direction for the assessment and adaptation to the health impacts of climate change. For specific action plans, we suggest policy making based on scientifically integrated health impact assessments and the prioritization of environmental factors in climate change; the development of practical and technological tools that support policy decisions by making their political implementation more efficient; and customized policy development that deals with the vulnerability of local communities.

Occurrence of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctanesulfonate in the Korean water system: implication to water intake exposure.

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) measured in surface running waters indicated the existence of different emission sources in eight main city basins. The tap water reflected the contamination pattern and levels in their corresponding source water basins. The daily intakes through tap water consumption ranged from <0.01 to 0.73 ng kg(-1) d(-1) for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and <0.01 to 0.08 ng kg(-1) d(-1) for perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Tap water intake-derived exposure accounted for 8.6%-101% (for PFOA) and while <10% (for PFOS) of total daily exposure, which was estimated from Korean serum concentrations using a pharmacokinetic model. Our findings indicate that tap water intake could be an important contributor to PFOA exposure in Korean populations; accordingly, additional efforts are necessary to improve the removal efficiency of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in the water purification process. However, more fundamentally the aim would be to reduce the discharge of PFCs from potential sources within the basin.

Distribution of perfluorochemicals between sera and milk from the same mothers and implications for prenatal and postnatal exposures.

The levels of six perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs), four perfloroalkylsulfonates (PFASs), and one sulfonamide were measured in paired samples of maternal serum, umbilical cord serum, and breast milk. The maternal and cord sera were strongly correlated with each other for all measured compounds (r>0.5 and p<0.01). Nevertheless, there was a significant difference in compound composition profile between the two sera matrices, with a more depletion of the longer chain compounds in cord serum. The transfer efficiency values from maternal to cord serum (TFCS/MS) decreased by 70% with each increasing unit of -CF2 chain within a PFCA group, and for perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), by a half compared to perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). In contrast to the strong correlation in concentrations between the two sera matrices, the pattern of compounds in breast milk differed considerably with those in sera. Accordingly, compound- and matrix-specific transfer must be considered when assessing prenatal and postnatal exposure.

Atmospheric pressure-thermal desorption (AP-TD)/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry for the rapid analysis of Bacillus spores.

A technique is described where an atmospheric pressure-thermal desorption (AP-TD) device and electrospray ionization (ESI)-mass spectrometry (MS) are coupled and used for the rapid analysis of Bacillus subtilis spores in complex matrices. The resulting AP-TD/ESI-MS technique combines the generation of volatile compounds and/or pyrolysis products with soft-ionization MS detection. In the AP-TD/ESI-MS approach, an electrospray solvent plume was used as the ionization vehicle of thermally desorbed neutrals at atmospheric pressure prior to mass spectrometric analysis using a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. The approach is quantitative with the volatile standard dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and with the use of an internal standard (diethyl methylphosphonate, DEMP). A linear response was obtained as tested in the 1-50 ppm range (R(2) = 0.991) with a standard error of the estimate of 0.193 (0.9% RSD, n = 5). Bacterial spores were detected by performing pyrolysis in situ methylation with the reagent tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) for the detection of the bacterial spore biomarker dipicolinic acid (DPA) as the dimethylated derivative (2Me-DPA). This approach allowed spore detection even in the presence of growth media in crude lyophilized samples. Repetitive analyses could be performed with a duty cycle of less than 5 min total analysis time (including sample loading, heating and data acquisition). This strategy proved successful over other direct ambient MS approaches like DESI-MS and AP-TD/ESI-MS without the in situ derivatization step to detect the dipicolinic acid biomarker from spores. A detection limit for the dimethylated DPA biomarker was estimated at 1 ppm (equivalent to 0.01 mug of DPA deposited in the thermal desorption tube), which corresponded to a calculated detection limit of 10(5) spores deposited or 0.1% by weight spore composition in solid samples (assuming a 1 mg sample size). The AP-TD/ESI source used in conjunction with the in situ methylation step allowed the differentiation of bacterial spores from other 'suspicious white powders' using a single stage for mass analysis and with minimum sample preparation, making this approach suitable for simple field-portable MS instrumentation and pattern recognition data analysis.

Interrelationship of Pyrogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Contamination in Different Environmental Media.

Interrelationships between pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed in air, soil, water, sediment, and tree leaves by using multi-media monitoring data. Concurrent concentration measurements were taken bimonthly for a year for the multi-media at urban and suburban sites. PAH level correlations between air and other media were observed at the urban site but were less clear at the suburban site. Considering a closer PAHs distribution/fate characteristics to soil than suspended solids, contamination in sediment seemed to be governed primarily by that in soil. The partitioning of PAHs in waters could be better accounted for by sorption onto black carbon and dissolved organic carbon.

Suppressive effects of bee venom on the immune responses in collagen-induced arthritis in rats.

The effect of bee venom (BVA) on the development of type II collagen (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats has been studied. Male rats were immunized with an emulsion of 200 microg of CII and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The rats were then given intraperitoneally (i.p.) injection of a suspension of BVA or saline during the experiment. The effect of BVA on cellular responses to CII was examined. In the control rats, the onset of arthritis was observed at the 24th day after the CII-immunization, and the severity of CIA was developed gradually. As compared with rats treated with saline, BVA i.p. injected at doses of more than 20 microl/100g mouse once a day for 14 days inhibited the ability of inguinal lymph node cells to produce T cell cytokines interleukin-1beta, -2, -6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma when the cells were obtained from rats 24 days after immunization and cultured in vitro with CII. When rats were injected i.p. with sheep red blood cells, hemagglutination titers in BVA-treated and control rats did not differ significantly when low doses of BVA was given to rats. However, i.p. injection of BVA at doses of more than 10 microl/100g/day suppressed antibody production. Pretreatment of rats with BVA could inhibit the development of collagen arthritis even when 10-20 microl/100g/day of the BVA were used for pretreatment. Interestingly, higher doses than 10 microlBVA/100g mouse were much effective for arthritis incidence. Treatment of rats with BVA prevented the development of collagen arthritis in a dose-dependent manner. Doses of BVA (15 and 20 microl/100g) resulted in decreased incidence of arthritis. In conclusion, therapeutic i.p injection with BVA improved the clinical course of the disease and the immune response to CII.

Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of intact bacteria.

Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry (MS) was used to differentiate seven bacteria species on the basis of their measured DESI-mass spectral profile. Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were tested and included Escherichia coli, Staphyloccocus aureus, Enterococcus sp., Bordetella bronchiseptica, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhimurium. Distinct DESI-mass spectra, in the mass range of 50-500 u, were obtained from whole bacteria in either positive or negative ion modes in less than 2 mins analysis time. Positive ion DESI-mass spectral fingerprints were compared using principal components analysis (PCA) to investigate reproducibility for the intraday and the day-to-day measurements and the method selectivity to differentiate the bacteria studied. Detailed study of variances in the assay revealed that a large contribution to the DESI-mass spectral fingerprint variation was the growth media preparation procedure. Specifically, experiments conducted with the growth media prepared using the same batch yielded highly reproducible DESI-mass spectra, both in intraday and in day-to-day analyses (i.e. one batch of growth media used over a 3-day period versus a new batch every day over the same 3-day period). Conclusions are drawn from our findings in terms of strategies for rapid biodetection with DESI-MS.

Desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry of proteins.

Desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) was evaluated for the detection of proteins ranging in molecular mass from 12 to 66 kDa. Proteins were uniformly deposited on a solid surface without pretreatment and analyzed with a DESI source coupled to a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. DESI-MS parameters optimized for protein detection included solvent flow rate, temperature of heated capillary tube, incident and reflection angle, sheath gas pressure, and ESI voltage. Detection limits were obtained for all protein standards, and they were found to decrease with decreasing protein molecular mass: for cytochrome c (12.3 kDa) and lysozyme (14.3 kDa) a detection limit of 4 ng/mm2 was obtained; for apomyoglobin (16.9 kDa) 20 ng/mm2; for beta-lactoglobulin B (18.2 kDa) 50 ng/mm2; and for chymotrypsinogen A (25.6 kDa) 100 ng/mm2. The DESI-MS analysis of higher molecular mass proteins such as ovalbumin (44.4 kDa) and bovine serum albumin (66.4 kDa) yielded mass spectra of low signal-to-noise ratio, making their detection and molecular weight determination difficult. In this study, DESI-MS proved to be a rapid and robust method for accurate MW determination for proteins up to 17 kDa under ambient conditions. Finally, we demonstrated the DESI-MS detection of the bacteriophage MS2 capsid protein from crude samples with minimal sample preparation.

On-Probe Pyrolysis Desorption Electrospray Ionization (DESI) Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Non-Volatile Pyrolysis Products.

An on-probe pyrolyzer has been constructed and interfaced with Desorption Electrospray Ionization (DESI) Mass Spectrometry (MS) for the rapid analysis of non-volatile pyrolysis products. The detection and analysis of non-volatile pyrolysis products of peptides, proteins and the synthetic polymer poly(ethylene glycol) are demonstrated with this instrument. The on-probe pyrolyzer can be operated off-line or on-line with the DESI source and was interfaced with a tandem MS (MS/MS) instrument, which allowed for structure characterization of the non-volatile pyrolytic products. Advantages of this system are its simplicity and speed of analysis since the pyrolysis is performed in situ on the DESI source probe and hence, it avoids extraction steps and/or the use of matrices (e.g., as in MALDI-MS analyses).

Partial two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) maps of Streptococcus iniae ATCC29178 and Lactococcus garvieae KG9408.

To examine the proteomes of 2 important causative agents of fish streptococcosis, Streptococcus iniae ATCC29178 and Lactococcus garvieae KG9408, we used 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by mass spectrometry to generate 2-DE maps of these type strains. Silver-stained 2-DE gels of S. iniae ATCC29178 and L. garvieae KG9408 revealed approximately 320 and 300 spots, respectively, and immobilized pH gradient strips (13 cm, pH 4 to 7) revealed that the majority of the detected spots were concentrated in the pH range of 4.5 to 5.5. The spots were randomly selected from the 2-DE profiles and identified by peptide mass fingerprinting using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. The majority of the identified proteins were functionally related to energy and carbohydrate metabolism (e.g. enolase ATPase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) or translation and translocation (e.g. elongation factor G, elongation factor Tu, DNA-directed RNA polymerase alpha chain). These data, along with our partial 2-DE maps of S. iniae ATCC29178 and L. garvieae KG9408, may help suggest antigenic proteins for the development of effective diagnostic tools and vaccines against S. iniae and L. garvieae.

Physiological function of insoluble dietary fiber prepared from exploded oak wood (Quercus mongolica).

This study investigated the production of insoluble dietary fiber using exploded and chemically treated oak wood (Quercus mongolica) and the physiological functions of prepared insoluble dietary fiber in laboratory animals. To produce high quality insoluble dietary fiber, the steam explosion treatment was performed at 25 kgf/cm2 pressure for 6 minutes. In the chemical analysis of insoluble dietary fiber, exploded oak wood was pretreated by 1% sodium hydroxide solution. The insoluble dietary fiber contained 7.6% residual lignin and 61.7% of alpha-cellulose. In order to compare the physiological functions of prepared insoluble dietary fiber with those of commercial insoluble dietary fiber, Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100 +/- 10 g were randomly assigned to one normal diet and five high cholesterol diets, containing 1% cholesterol. The high cholesterol diet groups were classified as the fiber-free diet (FF group), 5% commercial alpha-cellulose diet group (5C group), 10% commercial alpha-cellulose group (10C group), 5% insoluble dietary fiber group (5M group) and 10% insoluble dietary fiber group (10M group). Food intake, weight gain and food efficiency ratio in high cholesterol groups were significantly higher than those of the normal group, but there were no significant differences among the high cholesterol diet groups. In addition, there were no significant differences in the weights of liver, kidney and small intestine in insoluble dietary fiber-supplemented groups. Cecum weights in all insoluble dietary fiber groups were significantly higher than those of the FF group. There were no significant differences in the activities of the glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) among the insoluble dietary fiber-supplemented groups. In conclusion, the prepared insoluble dietary fiber and the commercially available insoluble fiber showed the same physiological effects. Moreover, the preparation method for the insoluble dietary fiber from the exploded oak wood was successful.

Efficacy of protein A-HRP in an immunological study of black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli Higendorf) humoral immune responses.

The efficacy of protein A-horse radish peroxidase (HRP), as compared to that of mouse polyclonal antibody raised against purified Ig, in detection of black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli Higendorf) immunoglobulin (Ig) was examined. Protein A affinity chromatography successfully purified Ig from black rockfish serum; the purified-Ig could be visualised as two protein bands (MW 70 and 25kDa) following resolution with sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing conditions. In SDS-PAGE immunoblot profiles of the purified-Ig, the mouse polyclonal antibody recognised both the light chain and heavy chains of rockfish Ig, whereas protein A-HRP immunostained only the heavy chain of rockfish Ig. These results suggest that protein A-HRP may be used to detect rockfish antibody-antigen complexes in immunoassays. In a 2-DE immunoblot assay for exploring antigenic profiles of Lactococcus garvieae KG9408, protein A-HRP successfully detected specific antibodies to antigenic proteins of L. garvieae in the rockfish Ig. In addition, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed a high correlation between the results obtained for positivity of L. garvieae when protein A-HRP and the mouse polyclonal antibody-was used to analyse samples from 25 diseased rockfish. These results collectively indicate that protein A-HRP has a high affinity for Ig, and may be useful for new investigations into the humoral immune responses of rockfish.

Comparison of proteome and antigenic proteome between two Neospora caninum isolates.

This study was conducted to explore the relationship between two isolates of Neospora caninum (N. caninum) (KBA-2 and VMDL-1) using proteomics. To achieve the goal, proteins of N. caninum tachyzoite lysates of KBA-2 and VMDL-1 were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), stained with silver-nitrate and analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to compare protein profiles. In addition, proteins separated by 2-DE were transferred to membranes, probed with bovine anti-N. caninum KBA-2 immunoglobulin G, and reactive proteins were visualized and compared between the two isolates. Most spots on 2-DE profiles and antigenic spots on 2-DE immunoblot profiles were located at similar locations in terms of isoelectric point and molecular weight. Proteins common to both isolates included the following: heat shock protein 70, subtilisin-like serine protease, nucleoside triphosphatase, heat shock protein 60, pyruvate kinase, tubulin alpha, tubulin beta, enolase, putative protein disulfide isomerase, actin, fructase-1,6-bisphosphatase, putative ribosomal protein S2, microneme protein Nc-P38, lactate dihydrogenase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase aldolase, serine threonine phosphatase 2C, 14-3-3 protein homologue, N. caninum dense granule-1 and NcGRA2. As a consequence, even though N. caninum KBA-2 and VMDL-1 isolates were isolated from geographically distinct locations there were significant homology in the proteome and antigenic proteome profiles. In addition, proteomic approach was verified as a useful tool for understanding of host immune response against different isolates of protozoa.

Exploration of immunoblot profiles of Neospora caninum probed with different bovine immunoglobulin classes.

The present study was attempted to compare the Neospora caninum (N. caninum) antigenic bands recognized by different bovine immunoglobulin classes. A total 10, 5, 2, and 6 antigenic bands were exhibited on immunoblot profiles against bovine IgM, IgE, IgA, and IgG, respectively. A 46 kDa band was probed as a common antigenic band except IgA; 69 kDa band was bovine IgM and IgE; 33, 37, 55, and 79 kDa bands were bovine IgM and IgG; 72 kDa band was found IgM and IgA profiles. Based on the analysis, it appeared that different immunoglobulin classes recognizing different antigenic molecules were cooperating to cope with neosporosis.

Application of proteomics for comparison of proteome of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites.

Protein profiles of two isolates of Neospora caninum (KBA-2 and JPA1) and Toxoplasma gondii RH strain were investigated by proteomic approach. Approximately, 78% of protein spots on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) profiles and 80% of antigen spots on 2-DE immunoblotting profiles were exhibited to share the same pI and M(r) between KBA-2 and JPA1 of N. caninum. On the other hand, a total of 30 antigen spots of T. gondii were recognized on 2-DE immunoblotting profile using rabbit antiserum against N. caninum KBA-2. A number of homologue proteins, such as heat shock protein 70, tubulin alpha- and beta-chain, putative protein disulfide isomerase, actin, enolase and 14-3-3 protein homologue are believed as the conserved proteins in both N. caninum and T. gondii. On the contrary, NcSUB1, NcGRA2 and NCDG1 (NcGRA7) might be the species-specific proteins for N. caninum tachyzoites. The present study showed that the high degree of similarity between N. caninum isolates (KBA-2 and JPA1), whereas large differences between N. caninum and T. gondii were noticed by proteome comparisons.

Experimental evaluation of pathogenicity of Lactococcus garvieae in black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli).

Black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) is an important mariculture species in Korea. The production of this fish is drastically declined due to bacterial diseases, particularly streptococcosis caused by Lactococcus garvieae. The bacterial surface characteristics of SJ7 and TY6 were found to have capsule but not NB13 and YS18. The experiential evaluation of L. garvieae pathogenicity, the capsular isolates showed high cumulative mortality i.e. SJ7 (100%) and TY6 (60%) compared to non-capsular isolates. Based on this result the capsular isolates L. garvieae were highly suspected as the causative agent of streptococcosis in rockfish.

Identification of antigenic proteins from Neospora caninum recognized by bovine immunoglobulins M, E, A and G using immunoproteomics.

Antigenic proteins of Neospora caninum (N. caninum) against bovine immunoglobulins M, E, A, and G were investigated by using immunoproteomics. Proteins of N. caninum (KBA-2) tachyzoite lysates separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes, probed with different bovine immunoglobulin class and classified. Antigenic spots recognized were also identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis. 132, 84, 4, and 40 antigenic protein spots were recognized on N. caninum immunoblot profiles against bovine IgM, IgE, IgA, and IgG, respectively. Of these protein spots, the antigenic proteins recognized by either IgM, IgE, and IgG, or IgM and IgG were HSP70, pyruvate kinase, actin, NCDG-1, tubulin alpha-chain, and putative ribosomal protein S2. On the other hand, IgM, IgE, and IgA reacted with NTPase, HSP60, tubulin beta-chain, putative protein disulfide isomerase, enolase, lactate dehydrogenase, serine-threonine phosphatase, 14-3-3 protein homologue, and GRA2 protein. Most of the antigenic proteins identified were associated with the process of invasion, proliferation, and egression of apicomplexans. In our study, HSP70, actin, NTPase, HSP60, pyruvate kinase, enolase, putative ribosomal protein S2, NCDG-1, and GRA2 proteins were found to be immunodominant proteins, which may contribute to the development of diagnostic markers and vaccine.