ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Crush syndrome (CS) is a serious medical condition characterized by muscle cell damage resulting from decompression after compression (i.e., ischemia/reperfusion injury). A large number of CS patients develop cardiac failure, kidney dysfunction, and systemic inflammation, even when fluid therapy is administered. We evaluated whether the administration of astragaloside-IV (AS)-containing fluid improved survival by preventing kidney and muscular mitochondrial dysfunction in a rat model of CS. RESULTS: The CS model was generated by subjecting anesthetized rats to bilateral hind limb compression with a rubber tourniquet for 5 h. Rats were then randomly divided into four groups: (1) sham; (2) CS with no treatment; (3) CS with normal saline treatment; and (4) CS with normal saline + 10 mg/kg AS. AS-containing fluid improved kidney function by improving shock and metabolic acidosis in CS rats. In addition, there was a reduction in oxidative damage. The attenuation of hyperkalemia was significantly related to improving muscle injury via preventing mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, this mitochondria protection mechanism was related to the nitric oxide (NO) generated by activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, which provided an anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effect. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with AS-containing fluid led to a dramatic improvement in survival following CS because of direct and indirect anti-oxidative effects in the kidney, and improvements in mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation owing to AS acting as an NO donor in injured muscle.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of smear layer characteristics on the dentin bonding durability of HEMA-free and HEMA-containing one-step self-etch adhesives. Xeno V (XV; HEMA-free), G BOND PLUS (GB; HEMA-free) and Clearfil S(3 )Bond (S(3); HEMA-containing), were applied to dentin surfaces prepared with either #180- or #600-grit SiC paper according to manufacturers' instructions. Bond strengths to dentin were determined using µTBS test after 24-hour, 6-month, and 1-year water storage. In addition, nanoleakage evaluation was performed using an SEM. The smear layer characteristics affected water-tree nanoleakage formation in the adhesive layers of XV and GB, which contributed to a reduction in µTBS after 6-month water storage, while the characteristics did not affect the µTBS of S(3). However, regardless of the smear layer characteristics, 1-year water storage significantly reduced the µTBS of all the adhesives and was associated with an increase in failures at the adhesive-composite interface.
Subject(s)
Dental Bonding , Dentin-Bonding Agents/chemistry , Dentin/ultrastructure , Methacrylates/chemistry , Smear Layer , Adhesiveness , Carbon Compounds, Inorganic/chemistry , Dental Leakage/classification , Humans , Materials Testing , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Resin Cements/chemistry , Silicon Compounds/chemistry , Stress, Mechanical , Tensile Strength , Time Factors , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dentin bonding durability of three HEMA-containing one-step self-etch adhesives after one-year water storage and to measure the amounts of their water sorption/solubility. OptiBond All-In-One (OP), Bond Force (BF) and Clearfil S³Bond (S³) were applied to the dentin surfaces according to manufacturers' instructions. Bond strengths to dentin were determined using µTBS test after water storage for 24 hours, six months, and one year. In addition, water sorption and solubility of the polymerized adhesives were measured. The µTBS of S³ and OP significantly decreased after one year. On the other hand, for BF there were no significant differences in µTBS between all storage periods. There were significant differences in water sorption and solubility among the adhesives (BF>S³>OP). The initial amounts of water sorption and solubility of the three adhesives did not affect their bonding durability to dentin.
