Comparative study of physiological FDG uptake in small structures between silicon photomultiplier-based PET and conventional PET.

OBJECTIVE: Silicon photomultiplier-based positron emission tomography/computed tomography (SiPM-PET/CT) has the superior spatial resolution to conventional PET/CT (cPET/CT). This head-to-head comparison study compared the images of physiological 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) accumulation in small-volume structures between SiPM-PET/CT and cPET/CT in patients scanned with both modalities, and we investigated whether the thresholds that are reported to be useful for differentiating physiological accumulations from malignant lesions can also be applied to SiPM-PET/CT. METHODS: We enrolled 21 consecutive patients with head and neck malignancies who underwent whole-body FDG-PET/CT for initial staging or a follow-up evaluation (October 2020 to March 2022). After being injected with FDG, all patients underwent PET acquisition on both Vereos PET-CT and Gemini TF64 PET-CT systems (both Philips Healthcare) in random order. For each patient, the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was measured in the pituitary gland, esophagogastric junction (EGJ), adrenal glands, lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord, and epididymis. We measured the liver SUVmean and the blood pool SUVmean to calculate the target-to-liver ratio (TLR) and the target-to-blood ratio (TBR), respectively. Between-groups differences in each variable were examined by a paired t-test. We also investigated whether there were cases of target uptake greater than the reported threshold for distinguishing pathological from physiological accumulations. RESULTS: Data were available for 19 patients. Ten patients were in Group 1, i.e., the patients who underwent SiPM-PET first, and the remaining nine patients who underwent cPET first were in Group 2. In the SiPM-PET results, the SUVmax of all targets was significantly higher than that obtained by cPET in all patients, and this tendency was also observed when the patients were divided into Groups 1/2. The TLRs of all targets were significantly higher in SiPM-PET than in cPET in all patients, and SiPM-PET also showed significantly higher TBRs for all targets except the EGJ (p = 0.052). CONCLUSIONS: The physiological uptake in the small structures studied herein showed high accumulation on SiPM-PET. Our results also suggest that the thresholds reported for cPET to distinguish pathological accumulations likely lead to false-positive findings in SIPM-PET evaluations.

Halo artifacts of indwelling urinary catheter by inaccurate scatter correction in 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging: incidence, mechanism, and solutions.

BACKGROUND: Halo artifacts from urinary catheters can occur due to inaccurate scatter correction, and the artifacts affect the tumor visibility in 18F-FDG PET/CT images. We investigated the incidence rate and the mechanisms of halo-artifact generation and explored several scatter correction techniques to prevent artifacts. METHODS: We conducted patient and phantom studies. (1) We retrospectively reviewed the cases of patients who had undergone 18F-FDG PET/CT scans. To determine the frequency of halo-artifact generation, we used the patients' PET images with a standard scatter correction based on a tail-fitted single-scatter simulation (TF-SSS) using 4-mm voxel µ-maps (TFS 4-mm). (2) We performed phantom studies to evaluate the effects of a urine catheter and two scatter correction techniques, i.e., TF-SSS with 2-mm voxel µ-maps (TFS 2-mm) and a Monte Carlo-based single-scatter simulation (MC-SSS) using 4-mm voxel µ-maps (MCS 4-mm). The average standardized uptake values (SUVs) were measured for axial PET images. (3) Using the patients' data, we investigated whether TFS 2-mm and MCS 4-mm can eliminate the artifacts in the clinical images. RESULTS: (1) There were 61 patients with urinary catheters; in five (8.2%), halo artifacts were observed in the TFS 4-mm PET images. (2) The phantom study clearly reproduced the halo artifacts in the TFS 4-mm PET images. The halo artifacts were generated when urine moved in the interval between the CT and PET imaging, and when the urinary catheter was placed in a circular shape. The SUVs for the TFS 4-mm and TFS-2mm PET images were underestimated at the halo-artifact regions, whereas the SUVs for the MCS 4-mm PET images were close to the true values. (3) The halo artifacts disappeared in the TFS 2-mm PET images in 4/5 patients but not 1/5 patient, whereas the halo artifacts were completely absent in the MCS 4-mm PET images in 5/5 patients. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that halo artifacts are caused if the PET images do not correspond to the physical material in the µ-maps, which induces the scatter correction error. With the MC-SSS, it was possible to accurately estimate the scatter without generating halo artifacts.

PET/CT scanning with 3D acquisition is feasible for quantifying myocardial blood flow when diagnosing coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: The quantification of myocardial blood flow (MBF) and coronary flow reserve (CFR) are useful approaches for evaluating the functional severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). 15O-water positron emission tomography (PET) is considered the gold standard method for MBF quantification. However, MBF measurements in 15O-water PET with three-dimensional (3D) data acquisition, attenuation correction using computed tomography (CT), and time of flight have not been investigated in detail or validated. We conducted this study to evaluate the diagnostic potential of MBF measurements using PET/CT for a comparison of a control group and patients suspected of having CAD. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients with known or suspected CAD and eight age-matched healthy volunteers underwent rest and pharmacological stress perfusion studies with 15O-water PET/CT. The whole and three regional (left anterior descending (LAD), left circumflex (LCX), and right coronary artery (RCA) territory) MBF values were estimated. The CFR was computed as the ratio of the MBF during adenosine triphosphate-induced stress to the MBF at rest. The inter-observer variability was assessed by two independent observers. PET/CT using a 15O-water dose of 500 MBq and 3D data acquisition showed good image quality. A strong inter-observer correlation was detected in both the whole MBF analysis and the regional analysis with high intra-class correlation coefficients (r > 0.90, p < 0.001). Regional MBF at rest (LAD, 0.82 ± 0.15 ml/min/g; LCX, 0.83 ± 0.17 ml/min/g; RCA, 0.71 ± 0.20 ml/min/g; p = 0.74), MBF at stress (LAD, 3.77 ± 1.00 ml/min/g; LCX, 3.56 ± 1.01 ml/min/g; RCA, 3.27 ± 1.04 ml/min/g; p = 0.62), and CFR (LAD, 4.64 ± 0.90; LCX, 4.30 ± 0.64; RCA, 4.64 ± 0.96; p = 0.66) of the healthy volunteers showed no significant difference among the three regions. The global CFR of the patients was significantly lower than that of the volunteers (2.75 ± 0.81 vs. 4.54 ± 0.66, p = 0.0002). The regional analysis of the patients demonstrated that the CFR tended to be lower in the stenotic region compared to the non-stenotic region (2.43 ± 0.81 vs. 2.95 ± 0.92, p = 0.052). CONCLUSIONS: 15O-water PET/CT with 3D data acquisition can be reliably used for the quantification of functional MBF and CFR in CAD patients.

Scatter Correction with Combined Single-Scatter Simulation and Monte Carlo Simulation Scaling Improved the Visual Artifacts and Quantification in 3-Dimensional Brain PET/CT Imaging with 15O-Gas Inhalation.

In 3-dimensional PET/CT imaging of the brain with 15O-gas inhalation, high radioactivity in the face mask creates cold artifacts and affects the quantitative accuracy when scatter is corrected by conventional methods (e.g., single-scatter simulation [SSS] with tail-fitting scaling [TFS-SSS]). Here we examined the validity of a newly developed scatter-correction method that combines SSS with a scaling factor calculated by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS-SSS). Methods: We performed phantom experiments and patient studies. In the phantom experiments, a plastic bottle simulating a face mask was attached to a cylindric phantom simulating the brain. The cylindric phantom was filled with 18F-FDG solution (3.8-7.0 kBq/mL). The bottle was filled with nonradioactive air or various levels of 18F-FDG (0-170 kBq/mL). Images were corrected either by TFS-SSS or MCS-SSS using the CT data of the bottle filled with nonradioactive air. We compared the image activity concentration in the cylindric phantom with the true activity concentration. We also performed 15O-gas brain PET based on the steady-state method on patients with cerebrovascular disease to obtain quantitative images of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism. Results: In the phantom experiments, a cold artifact was observed immediately next to the bottle on TFS-SSS images, where the image activity concentrations in the cylindric phantom were underestimated by 18%, 36%, and 70% at the bottle radioactivity levels of 2.4, 5.1, and 9.7 kBq/mL, respectively. At higher bottle radioactivity, the image activity concentrations in the cylindric phantom were greater than 98% underestimated. For the MCS-SSS, in contrast, the error was within 5% at each bottle radioactivity level, although the image generated slight high-activity artifacts around the bottle when the bottle contained significantly high radioactivity. In the patient imaging with 15O2 and C15O2 inhalation, cold artifacts were observed on TFS-SSS images, whereas no artifacts were observed on any of the MCS-SSS images. Conclusion: MCS-SSS accurately corrected the scatters in 15O-gas brain PET when the 3-dimensional acquisition mode was used, preventing the generation of cold artifacts, which were observed immediately next to a face mask on TFS-SSS images. The MCS-SSS method will contribute to accurate quantitative assessments.

An improved MR sequence for attenuation correction in PET/MR hybrid imaging.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of MR parameters on tissue segmentation and determine the optimal MR sequence for attenuation correction in PET/MR hybrid imaging. Eight healthy volunteers were examined using a PET/MR hybrid scanner with six three-dimensional turbo-field-echo sequences for attenuation correction by modifying the echo time, k-space trajectory in the phase-encoding direction, and image contrast. MR images for attenuation correction were obtained from six MR sequences in each session; each volunteer underwent four sessions. Two radiologists assessed the attenuation correction maps generated from the MR images with respect to segmentation errors and ghost artifacts on a five-point scale, and the scores were decided by consensus. Segmentation accuracy and reproducibility were compared. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the effects of each MR parameter. The two three-dimensional turbo-field-echo sequences with an in-phase echo time and radial k-space sampling showed the highest total scores for segmentation accuracy, with a high reproducibility. In multiple regression analysis, the score with the shortest echo time (-3.44, P<0.0001) and Cartesian sampling in the anterior/posterior phase-encoding direction (-2.72, P=0.002) was significantly lower than that with in-phase echo time and Cartesian sampling in the right/left phase-encoding direction. Radial k-space sampling provided a significantly higher score (+5.08, P<0.0001) compared with Cartesian sampling. Furthermore, radial sampling improved intrasubject variations in the segmentation score (-8.28%, P=0.002). Image contrast had no significant effect on the total score or reproducibility. These results suggest that three-dimensional turbo-field-echo MR sequences with an in-phase echo time and radial k-space sampling provide improved MR-based attenuation correction maps.