ABSTRACT
O pronto diagnóstico e o tratamento imediato da tuberculose são as principais ações no controle dessa doença endêmica. Vários estudos sugerem que características relacionadas aos pacientes e aos serviços de saúde podem contribuir para tempos inaceitáveis no diagnóstico e início imediato do tratamento da tuberculose, repercutindo em maior gravidade dos casos. Dessa forma, buscou-se identificar os fatores relacionados à demora do paciente, do serviço de saúde e tempo total. Foi realizado estudo descritivo transversal com pacientes internados e em tratamento ambulatorial, utilizando entrevista semiestruturada com questões relacionadas ao paciente e aos serviços de saúde procurados até o diagnóstico. A demora em buscar assistência teve influência significativa no tempo para diagnóstico na maior parte da casuística estudada. A escolaridade foi a variável que apresentou associação significativa com a demora na busca por assistência. A Emergência foi o serviço mais procurado, diagnosticando 82,4% dos casos entre os que precisaram de internação e 44,2% entre os que permaneceram em tratamento ambulatorial. Renda e idade tiveram associação significativa com a demora de diagnóstico no serviço de saúde entre os pacientes ambulatoriais. A demora total para obtenção do diagnóstico foi de 62 a 137 dias, considerando os tipos de serviço, momento de diagnóstico e grupos estudados. O diagnóstico tardio de tuberculose entre indivíduos socialmente vulneráveis constitui um desafio para o controle da endemia.
ABSTRACT
The local knowledge of human populations about the natural world has been addressed through ethnobiological studies, especially concerning resources uses and their management. Several criteria, such as morphology, ecology, behavior, utility and salience, have been used by local communities to classify plants and animals. Studies regarding fishers' knowledge on cetaceans in the world, especially in Brazil, began in the last decade. Our objective is to investigate the folk classification by fishers concerning cetaceans, and the contribution of fishers' local knowledge to the conservation of that group. In particular, we aim to record fishers' knowledge in relation to cetaceans, with emphasis on folk taxonomy. The studied area is São Sebastião, located in the southeastern coast of Brazil, where 70 fishers from 14 communities were selected according to their fishing experience and interviewed through questionnaires about classification, nomenclature and ecological aspects of local cetaceans' species. Our results indicated that most fishers classified cetaceans as belonging to the life-form 'fish'. Fishers' citations for the nomenclature of the 11 biological species (10 biological genera), resulted in 14 folk species (3 generic names). Fishers' taxonomy was influenced mostly by the phenotypic and cultural salience of the studied cetaceans. Cultural transmission, vertical and horizontal, was intimately linked to fishers' classification process. The most salient species, therefore well recognized and named, were those most often caught by gillnets, in addition to the biggest ones and those most exposed by media, through TV programs, which were watched and mentioned by fishers. Our results showed that fishers' ecological knowledge could be a valuable contribution to cetaceans' conservation, helping to determine areas and periods for their protection, indicating priority topics for research and participating in alternative management related to the gillnet fisheries.
Subject(s)
Dolphins/classification , Ethnology , Terminology as Topic , Whales/classification , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Animals , Brazil , Conservation of Natural Resources , Female , Fisheries , Fishes/classification , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
NADPH oxidase activity was examined in paired 27,000 x g granule fractions isolated from normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with chronic granulomatous disease. At 0.17 mM NADPH, the oxidase activity was not measurable in normal resting cells but was activated by phagocytosis. This activation was absent in CGD cells. At higher levels of NADPH, activity was present in cells from patients with CGD, although it was lower than normal, and no difference in activity was found between resting and phagocytizing cells. Granule fractions from phagocytizing normal cells exhibited higher than granule fractions from resting normal cells at all levels of NADPH. These results suggest that NADPH oxidase activity is defective in chronic granulomatous disease, and further that the defect is not the absence of the enzyme but rather a failure to activate it.
Subject(s)
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic/enzymology , NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/deficiency , Neutrophils/enzymology , Phagocyte Bactericidal Dysfunction/enzymology , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Enzyme Activation , Female , Genes, Recessive , Granulomatous Disease, Chronic/genetics , Humans , Infant , Male , NADP , Osmolar Concentration , Phagocytosis , Sex ChromosomesABSTRACT
To test the efficency of Chlorpyrifos agains one supposedly resistant strain of B. microplus from Taubaté, State of São Paulo, Brasil, the authors conducted in vitro" assays, using criterian developed by Oba (1972) and by Drummond (1973). The results did not con firm the alleged drug resistance for that tick strain.
Para a avaliação da eficiência carrapaticida de Clilorpyrifos frente a uma linhagem supostamente resistente de Boophilus microplus da região de Taubaté, Estado de São Paulo, os autores fizeram ensaios "in vitro", utilizando fêmeas engorgitadas e valendo-se tanto dos critérios de Oba (1972), como dos de Drummond (1973). Os resultados não confirmaram a alegada resistência carrapaticida da referida linhagem do carrapato.
ABSTRACT
To test the efficency of Chlorpyrifos agains one supposedly resistant strain of B. microplus from Taubaté, State of São Paulo, Brasil, the authors conducted in vitro" assays, using criterian developed by Oba (1972) and by Drummond (1973). The results did not con firm the alleged drug resistance for that tick strain.
Para a avaliação da eficiência carrapaticida de Clilorpyrifos frente a uma linhagem supostamente resistente de Boophilus microplus da região de Taubaté, Estado de São Paulo, os autores fizeram ensaios "in vitro", utilizando fêmeas engorgitadas e valendo-se tanto dos critérios de Oba (1972), como dos de Drummond (1973). Os resultados não confirmaram a alegada resistência carrapaticida da referida linhagem do carrapato.