Trauma-Informed Care for Obstetric and Gynecologic Settings.

PURPOSE: Trauma is common among those seeking Ob-Gyn care and may have pervasive impact on obstetrical and gynecological health, social functioning, and healthcare engagement. While guidelines exist on the detection and treatment of perinatal mood and anxiety disorders within Ob-Gyn care, the role of Ob-gyn clinicians in identifying and addressing patients' traumatic experiences and related symptoms is less clearly delineated. This manuscript provides an overview of trauma-related symptoms in the context of Ob-Gyn care and practical guidance of clinicians aiming to improve their detection and response to trauma in their clinical practice. DESCRIPTION: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) describes a psychiatric illness which develops as a response to a traumatic event. Women who have experienced trauma are also at increased risk for borderline personality disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities. Postpartum PTSD has particular relevance to obstetrical care. ASSESSMENT: Screening for trauma in Ob-Gyn care can provide an opportunity to address risk and offer targeted intervention. Several brief evidence-based screening tools are available. Individuals who screen positive require assessment of immediate safety and targeted referrals. Trauma informed care describes an approach to healthcare aimed to enhance physical and emotional safety for patients and clinicians. CONCLUSION: Given the prevalence and the potentially devastating and enduring impact of trauma and trauma-related symptoms, there is a critical need to address trauma within Ob-Gyn care. By recognizing the signs of trauma and initiating or referring to appropriate treatments, Ob-Gyn clinicians have a unique opportunity to better understand their patients and to improve their care.

Trauma Informed Care in the Obstetric Setting and Role of the Perinatal Psychiatrist: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Trauma is highly prevalent, and women are twice as likely as men to develop posttraumatic stress disorder following a traumatic exposure. Consequently, many women entering the perinatal period have trauma histories. In the perinatal period, a trauma history can negatively impact treatment engagement and adversely affect the experience of pregnancy, postpartum, and parenting. A trauma-informed care approach can mitigate these effects. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to summarize literature that can aid psychiatrists in (1) identifying signs and symptoms of trauma in perinatal women, (2) integrating elements of trauma-informed care into perinatal mental health care, and (3) offering interventions that can minimize adverse outcomes for perinatal women and their children. METHODS: A PubMed search was conducted with keywords including trauma, pregnancy, perinatal, posttraumatic stress disorder, postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder, and trauma informed care. RESULTS: Perinatal care, given its somewhat invasive nature, has the potential to traumatize or cause retraumatization. Trauma-related disorders are common and can present or worsen in the perinatal period. Trauma can manifest in multiple forms in this population, including exacerbation of preexisting posttraumatic stress disorder, new onset acute stress disorder in the perinatal period, or postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder secondary to traumatic childbirth. Unaddressed trauma can adversely affect the experience of pregnancy, postpartum, and parenting. Psychiatrists caring for women in the perinatal period are in an ideal position to screen for trauma and offer appropriate intervention. A trauma-informed approach to obstetric care can help clinical teams respond to the unique trauma-related challenges that can arise during obstetric care. Trauma-informed care, with its emphasis on establishing a culture of safety, transparency, trustworthiness, collaboration, and mutuality, can empower health care providers and systems with powerful tools to respond to trauma and its myriad effects in a strengths-based manner. By applying a trauma-informed lens, psychiatrists can help their obstetric colleagues provide patient-centered compassionate care and treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Applying a trauma-informed approach to evaluation and treatment of perinatal populations could decrease the toll trauma has on affected women and their children.

Polyallergy (Multiple Chemical Sensitivity) is Associated with Excessive Healthcare Utilization, Greater Psychotropic Use, and Greater Mental Health/Functional Somatic Syndrome Disorder Diagnoses: A Large Cohort Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Associations between the crude capture of polyallergy-also known as multiple chemical sensitivity or multiple drug intolerance syndrome-and mental health/functional somatic syndrome disorders, healthcare utilization, or other clinical phenomenon have not been examined extensively. METHODS: An IRB-approved retrospective chart review of all patients between age 18 and 70 who had a clinical encounter at a large medical center between 2009 and 2014. Patients were stratified into 4 categories based on the absolute number of chart-documented allergies: (1) no allergies; (2) normal allergy (1-4 allergies); (3) polyallergy (5-9 allergies); and (4) "ultrapolyallergy," (≥10 allergies), which were corroborated through a sensitivity analysis. Demographics, comorbidities, and medications were clustered per allergy grouping. Analysis of variance, chi-square, and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to test for associations. RESULTS: 2,007,434 patients were examined ("no allergy" group, n = 1,423,631, 70.9%; "normal allergy" group: n = 549,927, 27.4%; "polyallergy" group n = 29,453, 1.5%; "ultrapolyallergy" group, n = 4,423, 0.22%). Proportion of females increased from 51% in the "no allergy" group to 89.6% in the "ultrapolyallergy" group (p < 0.001). Rates of mental health and functional somatic syndrome disorder diagnoses increased significantly across allergy groups (p < 0.001). All psychotropic medication classes were increased significantly across allergy groups (p < 0.001). Healthcare utilization was also significantly elevated across allergy cohorts (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that polyallergy/multiple chemical sensitivity may serve as a crude yet meaningful indicator of comorbid psychopathology. Drug intolerance mechanisms are reviewed, and both clinical and investigational implications are examined.