[Basic phenomena of "macroscopic fluctuations" are repeated on light beams generated by lasers or light-emitting diodes].

Basic phenomena of the "macroscopic fluctuations are repeated on the light beams generated by lasers or light-emitting diodes. Study of the light beams fluctuations look promissory.

[Fractality, "coast line of the universe", movement of the earth and "macroscopic fluctuations"].

The evolution of views on the nature of "macroscopic fluctuations" phenomenon, discovered about sixty years ago as an "anomalous scattering of results" of actomyosin enzyme activity measurement, is traced in the paper. Ever since the general character of this phenomenon was stated because it was found in measurements of processes of different nature and caused by movement of the Earth in heterogeneous and anisotropic space-time. The paper is dedicated to the memory of L.A. Blumenfeld: a many-decade discussion with him favoured these investigations.

[Mutual disposition of short conformationally stable oligopeptides in the 3D structure of globular proteins].

The disposition of conformationally stable tetrapeptides and the segments containing these peptides in polypeptide chains of proteins from different structural and functional groups has been analyzed. It was shown that the disposition of segments of this kind can be treated as a statistical one. More than 60% of stable peptides in the globula space are separated by distances no greater than 5 A.

[On the periodicity in the fine structure of histograms during nuclear decay].

A possible explanation for the occurrence of periodicity in the fine structure of histograms during nuclear decay is proposed. The hypothesis states that, even in the absence of polarization, when the spin distribution of decaying nuclei over directions is, on the average, isotropic, the fine structure of histograms should depend, due to fluctuations, on the angles at which the sample is observed. There fore, when the Earth after some period would make a full furn, the distribution of fluctuations would return to the initial one, and, correspondingly, the fine structure of the histograms would repeat.

[Dependence of "macroscopic fluctuations" from cosmophysical factors. Spatial anisotropy]. / Zavisimost' "makroskpicheskikh fluktuatsii" ot kosmofizicheskikh faktorov. Prostranstvennaia anizotropiia.

It was shown in experiments with collimators that the changes with time in the shape of histograms constructed from the measurements of the alpha-activity of 239Pu microsamples depend on the direction of the flow alpha-particles. If the flow of alpha-particles was directed to the Polar Star, the dependence of the probability of the realization of histograms of similar shape on time disappeared. The measurements of alpha-particle flows directed to the East and West revealed a high probability of the repeated realization of histograms of similar shape in 1436 min, i.e., in a sederal day. A comparison of "west" and "east" histograms showed a high probability of the realization of similar "west" histograms 718 min (half a sideral day) later than "east" histograms. The results suggest that the shape of histograms depends on the pattern of the starry sky and the space-time inhomogeneity corresponding to this pattern.

[Dependence of 'macroscopic fluctuations" on geographic coordinates (from materials of Arctic (2000) and Antarctic (2001) expeditions]. / Zavisimost' "makroskopicheskikh fluktuatsii" ot geograficheskikh koordinat (po materialam Arkticheskoi (2000 g.) i Antarkticheskoi (2001 g.) ékspeditsii).

The detailed structure of histograms constructed from the results of synchronous measurements of the alpha-activity of 239Pu microsamples, conducted in Pushchino (Moscow Region, Russia) and on board the ship "Academician Fedorov" during the Arctic and Antarctic expeditions (2000 and 2001) was analyzed. It was shown that, if the histograms were constructed over a total period of 15 min and more, the "local zone effect" and the circadian periodicity in the similarity of histogram structure, observed during measurements in Pushchino, are not found in measurements on board the ship near the North Pole (latitude 82 degrees). If the histograms were constructed over a total time of 1 min, a strict periodicity ("stellar day" 23 h 56 min) in the appearance of similar histograms in Pushchino and the Arctic and a strict synchronicity of the appearance of similar histograms of measurements in Pushchino and on board the ship at the same local geographical time were observed. During the Antarctic expedition, the effect of synchronicity of the appearance of similar histograms in Pushchino and on board the ship decreased as the ship moved towards the South Pole and the difference in latitude between the points of measurements increased.

[Forms of histograms constructed from measurements of alpha-decay of 228Ra in Lindau (Germany) and neutron fluxes in Moscow change synchronously according to the local time]. / Forma gistogramm, postroennykh po izmereniiam al'fa-raspada 228Ra v Lindau (Germaniia) i potoka neitronov v Moskve, izmeniaetsia sinkhronno po mestnomu vremeni.

In joint experiments performed at Max Plank Institute of Aeronomy (Germany) and the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics in Pushchino, the main manifestations of the phenomenon of macroscopic fluctuations were confirmed. An increased probability of the similarity in synchronous histograms in independent measurements performed by two installations in one laboratory and in two laboratories separated by a distance of 2000 km was shown. In the latter case, the similarity of histograms is most probable at the same local time.

[Correlation of fine structures of distributions of amplitudes of a photomultiplier dark current fluctuations with the Earth rotations about its axis]. / Korreliatsiia tonkoi struktury raspredeleniia amplitud fluktuatsii temnovogo toka fotoumnozhitelei s vrashcheniem Zemli vokrug svoei osi.

The fine structures of distributions of photomultiplier dark current fluctuations measured in two laboratories 2000 km distant from other: in the international Institute of Biophysics (Neuss, Germany) and in the Moscow State University (Moscow, Russia) were compared. It is shown that similar forms of appropriate histograms are apparently more often realized at both locations at the same local time. This confirms the previous conclusion that the fine structure of distributions correlates with rotation of the Earth about its axis.

[Macroscopic fluctuations of discrete distribution forms as a consequence of the arithmetic and cosmophysical causes]. / Makroskopicheskie fluktuatsii formy discretnykh raspredelenii kak sledstvie arifmeticheskikh i kosmofizicheskikh prichin.

The recent investigations are reviewed of the "macsroscopic fluctuations", i.e. synchronous on local time changes in probability of the appearance of the same detailed structure of distribution (histograms) of the rates of different processes, at the same or at different geographic points. Gravitation nonhomogeneousity is considered as a probable cause of these phenomena.

[Cosmophysical effects in processes of various nature]. / Kosmofizicheskie éffekty v protsessakh raznoi prirody.

The explanations to the special number of journal "Biophysics" are presented.

[Regular changes in histogram forms in physical measurements and mathematical modeling]. / O zakonomernykh izmeneniiakh form gistogramm, poluchennykh pri fizicheskikh izmereniiakh i matematicheskom modelirovanii.

A study of macroscopic fluctuations for objects separated by large distances confirmed the conclusion drawn earlier that, if the objects being measured are in different time zones, the increase in the probability of occurrence of histograms of similar form corresponds to the difference in the local time at the points of measurement. It was also found that, upon realization of pseudo-random sequences of numbers in mathematical generators, sequences of histograms very similar to those in real physical series can be realized. This suggests the presence of previously unknown regularities, both physical and mathematical, in sequences traditionally considered as absolutely random.

[The works of Prof. S. E. Manoilov]. / O rabotakh professora S. E. Manoilova.

A biographic essay of professor S. E. Manoilov scientific works is given. The course of life of this scientist is of great interest as an example of fruitful creation under difficult conditions of our present-day reality.

[Discrete macroscopic fluctuations in processes of various nature]. / Diskretnye makroskopicheskie fluktuatsii v protsessakh raznoi prirody.

The data of 30-year investigations of macroscopic fluctuations are generalized in this review. The results of measuring processes of different nature (from biochemical reactions to radioactive decay) fluctuate. They are presented by certain discrete values. The discreteness of corresponding spectra of states can be probably explained by both pure mathematical causes and cosmophysical factors. The fluctuation amplitude and the shape of the spectrum of the states of objects with different nature depend on the universal external cosmophysical factors. General problems arising in connection with the analysis of the "scatter in the results" and "nonreproducibility of measurements" are discussed.

[The "protein-machine" concept and its consequences]. / Kontseptsiia "belok-mashina" i ee sledstviia.

Analysis is presented of the concept "protein-machine" and implying consequences, both of theoretical and experimental character. The approach "protein-machine" is compared with other approaches--"coherent excitation", "molecular dynamics" and "limited diffusion". In terms of the approach "protein-machine" valuable information inserted in the biological macromolecule and determining its functions is taken into account. It reflects the biological specificity and at the same time removes mystic shadow from this concept.

[Block improvement of the genetic text as a factor of acceleration of biological evolution]. / Blochnoe sovershenstvovanie geneticheskogo teksta kak faktor uskoreniia biologicheskoi évoliutsii.

It is shown that the time required for selecting most perfect sequences can be decreased by several orders at the expense of block-hierarchic principle of biological objects structure.

[Macroscopic fluctuations--a general property of aqueous solutions of different proteins and other substances. Statistical spectral analysis of macroscopic fluctuations]. / Makroskopicheskie fluktuatsii--obshchee svoistvo vodnykh rastvorov razlichnykh belkov i drugikh veshchestv. Statisitcheskii spektral'nyi analiz makroskopicheskikh fluktuatsii.

When studying enzymic activities in successively chosen portions of solutions of pyruvatekinase, hexokinase, lactatedehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase and trypsin fast macroscopic fluctuations were revealed. These fluctuations were found earlier in protein preparations of the actomyosin complex and creatinkinase and described as "conformation fluctuations". Similar macroscopic fluctuations were also revealed when measuring the rate of reaction between ascorbic acid and dichlorphenolindophenol (DCAPI). The spectra of macroscopic fluctuations in solutions of different proteins and ascorbic acid+DCAPI are similar to each other in principle. This gives grounds to consider the ability towards macroscopic fluctuations to be a common property of solutions of different substances.

[Spectrum of macroscopic fluctuations in the enzymatic activity of creatine kinase]. / Spektr makroskopicheskikh fluktuatsii fermentativnoi aktivnosti kreatinkinazy.

Computations were carried out of 725 recordings of enzymic activity of equal shares of creatinkinase solution. It has been shown that in the course of macroscopic fluctuations (synchronous in the macrovolume of "conformation fluctuations") a discrete characteristic spectrum of protein solution state resolution degree of the spectrum is deteriorated. Application of statistical spectral analysis to characterization of the properties of protein aqueous solutions is suggested.

[Relationship between the spectra of macroscopic fluctuations of creatine kinase enzyme activity and the pH of a protein solution]. / Zavisimost' spektrov makroskopicheskikh fluktuatsii fermentativnoi aktivnosti kreatinkinazy ot pH rastvora belka.

A canonic shape of the spectrum of macroscopic fluctuations of enzymic activity in creatinkinase solutions [1] is revealed within wide pH range. With pH decrease (from 10.0 to 6.0) the discreteness and reproducibility of the spectra decreases, at pH 5.0 no canonic spectrum was revealed. The discovered dependence of the spectrum shape on pH illustrates possibilities of spectral analysis of macroscopic fluctuations for characterization of the states of protein aqueous solutions.