ABSTRACT
This article discusses the physiological mechanisms of erection and the pathophysiological basis of erectile dysfunction. Parameters characterizing the features of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs from the group of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) are presented. The clinical efficacy and possible adverse effects of the most significant PDE-5i are considered. These include sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, udenafil, avanafil. There are also data on less known PDE-5i, which include lodenafil and mirodenafil.
Subject(s)
Erectile Dysfunction , Erectile Dysfunction/drug therapy , Humans , Male , Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors/adverse effects , Sildenafil Citrate , Tadalafil , Vardenafil DihydrochlorideABSTRACT
In 90 youths at the age of from 14 to 16 years suffering from left-sided varicocele, the authors have used a retroperitoneoscope for high ligation and transection of the testicular vein. There were no complications at the time of operation and after it. In control examination 1.5-2 years later, no varicocele recurrences were revealed. In 15 patients with profuse bleeding from carcinomatous tumor of the urinary bladder, the authors performed ligation of the internal iliac arteries by means of a retroperitoneoscope.
Subject(s)
Endoscopy , Iliac Artery/surgery , Retroperitoneal Space , Spermatic Cord/blood supply , Varicocele/surgery , Veins/surgery , Adolescent , Humans , Ligation , Male , Surgical InstrumentsABSTRACT
Operative interventions on the kidneys and ureters were performed in 85 patients. In revision of the upper pole of a kidney and its median segment, the authors have used the original technique of retroperitoneoscopy (paranephroscopy) in the 11-th intercostal space. The techniques of decapsulation of a kidney, pyelo-, nephrostomy by means of the retroperitoneoscope, operative approaches to the different parts of the ureter, technique for removal of its stones are presented.
