Anti-histaminic Effects of Resveratrol and Silymarin on Human Gingival Fibroblasts.

Periodontitis as a chronic inflammatory disease leads to the destruction of the supportive tissues of affected teeth. Crosstalk between periodontitis and the host immune system plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Since polyphenol components such as silymarin and resveratrol have anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects on periodontal tissues, the purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-histaminic effects of silymarin and resveratrol on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). HGFs were treated with a concentration of silymarin or resveratrol (100 µg/ml) and a combination of these two polyphenols (50/100 or 100/200 µg/ml silymarin/resveratrol). The effect of silymarin and resveratrol on cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. Also, HGFs were treated with silymarin and/or resveratrol and were stimulated by histamine. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and tissue plasminogen activator 1 (TPA-1) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After treatment with silymarin, the viability of fibroblast cells significantly increased, whereas treatment with resveratrol and combinations of these flavonoids (silymarin 50 µg/ml and resveratrol 100 µg/ml) did not have any significant effect on cell viability after 24 h. Treatment with 100/200 µg/ml silymarin/resveratrol significantly decreased the cell viability after 48 h. Resveratrol inhibited histamine-induced IL-6 secretion by HGFs significantly, whereas silymarin showed significant effect on TNF-α. A blend of silymarin and resveratrol displayed more valuable results. In conclusion, combination of resveratrol and silymarin could significantly inhibit inflammatory effects of histamine on cultured HGFs by reduction of IL-6, IL-8, TPA-1, and TNF-α.

Involvement of circulating inflammatory factors in prognosis and risk of cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an inflammatory disease that different factors play a crucial role in the development of clinical outcome of this disease. Inflammation could have effects on initiation, progression, and clinical complications of CVD. Previous studies have indicated that delineating the underlying mechanisms of inflammatory factors involved in this disease should be considerably beneficial both as predictive markers and targets for advancement of appropriate therapeutic approaches in offsetting development and progression of cardiovascular complications. Mechanisms of inflammatory factors involved in CVD combined with the development of atherosclerosis, reperfusion injury, and myocardial infarction caused by changes in processes such as endothelial cells function and hemostasis can contribute to the development of clinical outcome in CVD. Therefore, it can be stated that recognition of inflammatory mechanisms involved in this disease can be a promising tool for evaluation of prognosis in CVD patients. In this article, our goal is to evaluate the possible role of changes in the expressions of inflammatory factors in CVD as well as their relationship with prognosis of this disease.