ABSTRACT
As one of the alternative forms of Islamic Social Finance, Waqf could be potentially developed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in Indonesia, particularly providing a major solution for socio-economic problems, such as poverty, improving education quality, and giving a lifelong learning opportunity, unemployment, and many more. But, unfortunately, due to the absence of a universal standard of Waqf evaluation, the implementation of Waqf in Indonesia has not been optimal. Therefore, this study proposes the National Waqf Index (Indeks Wakaf Nasional or IWN) for improving the governance system and measuring waqf performance at national and regional levels. Through literature review and focus group discussion (FGD), this study develops six factors, namely regulatory (with three sub-factors), institution (with two sub-factors), process (with four sub-factors), system (with three sub-factors), outcome (with two sub-factors), and impact (with four sub-factors). Using the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (Fuzzy AHP) involving experts from government, academic, and industry, this study finds that the priority of IWN is a regulatory factor (0.282) followed by institution factor (0.251), process factor (0.190), system factor (0.156), outcome factor (0.069), and impact factor (0.050). The findings from this study will strengthen the existing literature in Waqf and be used to develop the governance system to improve performance.
ABSTRACT
This study explores the extent of the United Nations Sustainability Development Goals (UN SDGs) implementations by listed companies in Indonesia. It also evaluates whether the SDG practices differ between state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and private companies listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The main contributions of this paper are twofold: (1) it compares SGD reports and disclosures of listed SOEs vis-à-vis listed private companies in a developing country, and (2) it evaluates and compares the SGDs disclosures before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thirty-four listed companies produced sustainability reports consecutively from 2016 to 2020, resulting in 170 reports were used and analyzed in this study. A content analysis was applied to observe the SDGs disclosures in these reports. The findings show that overall, the listed companies in the study performed moderately well in their SDGs practice, with an overall disclosure index of 74% during the observed period. While a private company was a clear leader in its SDGs disclosure, overall, listed SOEs performed better to some extent than their private companies counterparts at a combined level. These indicate some aspect of legitimacy to maintain a good reputation in the community and also implies some level of coercive isomorphism, especially for the SOEs. At the level of sustainable development targets, however, the study finds indications to strongly propose that the achievements of the SDG targets were not yet significant. This study also finds slightly less but no significant difference in the SDGs practice during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the practice before the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings of this study contribute to enriching the currently limited literature in this area and providing insights to relevant users, investors, and policymakers concerning the UN SDGs practices in Indonesia.
ABSTRACT
Innovative learning techniques are needed, to match the expectations of the current audience to improve business ethics education for the twenty-first century. One of the innovative technologies which is believed to have a big effect on a bachelor's degree is augmented reality (AR). Incorporating AR into the modern education system is expected to produce optimal augmentation in the learning and teaching environment. This will have a large impact on increasing students' moral imagination. This study examines the use of AR-based behavior simulation, as an innovative technique for learning ethics, to improve moral imagination. This study employs a 3 × 2 experiment method, three training modes (AR-based behavioral simulation, paper-based-behavioral simulation, and no training) and two times (time one and time two) between- and within-subject factorial design. The subjects are 147 students on a business ethics course. The result of this study reveals that the use of AR-based behavior simulation can improve moral imagination.
