Subject(s)
Antitussive Agents/adverse effects , Butylamines/adverse effects , Cough/drug therapy , Nonprescription Drugs/adverse effects , Antitussive Agents/pharmacokinetics , Butylamines/pharmacokinetics , Clinical Decision-Making , Consumer Product Safety , Cough/diagnosis , Cough/physiopathology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Overdose , Humans , Patient Safety , Risk Assessment , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAAT) is the terminal enzyme in the synthesis of bile salts from cholesterol and catalyzes the conjugation of taurine or glycine to bile acid CoA thioesters to form bile acid N-acylamidates. BAAT has a dual localization to the cytosol and peroxisomes, possibly due to an inefficient carboxy-terminal peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS), -serine-glutamine-leucine (-SQL). Mutational analysis was used to define the role of the carboxy terminus in peroxisomal localization and kinetic activity. Amidation activity of BAAT and BAAT lacking the final two amino acids (AAs) (BAAT-S) were similar, whereas the activity of BAAT with a canonical PTS sequence (BAAT-SKL) was increased >2.5-fold. Kinetic analysis of BAAT and BAAT-SKL showed that BAAT-SKL had a lower Km for taurine and glycine as well as a greater Vmax There was no difference in the affinity for cholyl-CoA. In contrast to BAAT, BAAT-SKL forms bile acid N-acylamidates with ß-alanine. BAAT-S immunoprecipitated when incubated with peroxisomal biogenesis factor 5 (Pex5) and rabbit anti-Pex5 antibodies; however, deleting the final 12 AAs prevented coimmunoprecipitation with Pex5, indicating the Pex5 interaction involves more than the -SQL sequence. These results indicate that even small changes in the carboxy terminus of BAAT can have significant effects on activity and substrate specificity.
Subject(s)
Bile Acids and Salts/genetics , Liver/enzymology , Sphingosine N-Acyltransferase/genetics , Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism , Cytosol/enzymology , DNA Mutational Analysis , Humans , Kinetics , Mutation , Peroxisome-Targeting Signal 1 Receptor , Peroxisomes/enzymology , Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism , Sphingosine N-Acyltransferase/chemistry , Sphingosine N-Acyltransferase/metabolism , Substrate SpecificityABSTRACT
MS, with or without pre-analysis peptide fractionation, can be used to decipher the residues on proteins where oxidative modifications caused by peroxynitrite, singlet oxygen or electrophilic lipids have occurred. Peroxynitrite nitrates tyrosine and tryptophan residues on the surface of actin. Singlet oxygen, formed by the interaction of UVA light with tryptophan, can oxidize neighbouring cysteine, histidine, methionine, tyrosine and tryptophan residues. Dose-response inactivation by 4HNE (4-hydroxynonenal) of hBAT (human bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase) and CKBB (cytosolic brain isoform of creatine kinase) is associated with site-specific modifications. FT-ICR (Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance)-MS using nanoLC (nano-liquid chromatography)-ESI (electrospray ionization)-MS or direct-infusion ESI-MS with gas-phase fractionation identified 14 4HNE adducts on hBAT and 17 on CKBB respectively. At 4HNE concentrations in the physiological range, one member of the catalytic triad of hBAT (His362) was modified; for CKBB, although all four residues in the active site that were modifiable by 4HNE were ultimately modified, only one, Cys283, occurred at physiological concentrations of 4HNE. These results suggest that future in vivo studies should carefully assess the critical sites that are modified rather than using antibodies that do not distinguish between different modified sites.
Subject(s)
Acyltransferases , Creatine Kinase, BB Form , Oxidation-Reduction , Acyltransferases/chemistry , Acyltransferases/genetics , Acyltransferases/metabolism , Aldehydes/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Binding Sites , Creatine Kinase, BB Form/chemistry , Creatine Kinase, BB Form/genetics , Creatine Kinase, BB Form/metabolism , Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/metabolism , Humans , Mass Spectrometry , Molecular Sequence Data , Oxidative Stress , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , alpha-Crystallin B Chain/genetics , alpha-Crystallin B Chain/metabolismABSTRACT
Creatine kinase reversibly catalyzes the transfer of the high-energy phosphoryl group from phosphocreatine to MgADP for rapid regeneration of ATP. It is hypothesized that factors which perturb creatine kinase activity, such as reactive oxygen species resulting from oxidative stress, could have a major role in the pathogenesis of diseases, particularly in the brain, where the level of ATP utilization is high. The reactive aldehyde 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal is a major secondary product of lipid peroxidation caused by oxidative stress; the levels of both free and protein-bound 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal are increased in Alzheimer's disease brain. Preliminary reports indicated that creatine kinase had lower activity in Alzheimer's disease brain. In this study, we investigated the structural and functional consequences of reacting the cytosolic brain isoform of creatine kinase with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal at pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (10-300 microM). Dose-dependent reduction of enzyme activity was observed and, for the first time, correlated with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal adduct formation on specific amino acid residues, including the active site residues His66, His191, Cys283, and His296 as determined by Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.
Subject(s)
Aldehydes/chemistry , Binding Sites , Brain/enzymology , Creatine Kinase/chemistry , Amino Acid Sequence , Chromatography, Liquid , Down-Regulation , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Fourier Analysis , Humans , Mass Spectrometry/instrumentation , Mass Spectrometry/methods , Models, Molecular , Molecular Sequence Data , Oxidation-Reduction , Protein Isoforms/chemistry , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray IonizationABSTRACT
Bile acids are converted to their glycine and taurine N-acyl amidates by enzymes in the liver in a two-step process. This conjugation reaction increases the aqueous solubility of bile acids, particularly in the acidic environment of the initial portion of the small intestine. In the first step, bile acid coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters are formed by a bile acid CoA ligase (BAL). This chapter describes the methods used to purify BAL from rat liver microsomes and to isolate and clone the cDNAs encoding BAL from a rat liver cDNA library, the expression of BAL, the assays used to measure its activities, and the chemical synthesis of bile acid CoA thioesters.
Subject(s)
Bile Acids and Salts/chemistry , Coenzyme A Ligases/analysis , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism , Coenzyme A Ligases/genetics , DNA, Complementary/biosynthesis , Microsomes, Liver/enzymology , Molecular Sequence Data , Molecular Structure , Rats , Recombinant Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization , Substrate Specificity , Thiolester Hydrolases/metabolismABSTRACT
Bile acids are converted to their glycine and taurine N-acyl amidates by enzymes in the liver in a two-step process. This increases their aqueous solubility, particularly in the acidic environment of the upper part of the small intestine. Bile acid coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters synthesized by bile acid CoA ligase (see Shonsey et al., 2005) are substrates of bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferases (BAT) in the formation of bile acid N-acyl amidates. This chapter describes the methods used to purify BAT from human liver, to isolate and clone cDNAs encoding BAT from human, mouse, and rat liver cDNA libraries, the expression of BAT, the assays used to measure BAT activity, and the chemical syntheses of bile acid N-acylamidates. In addition, an enzyme that catalyzes further metabolism of glycine-conjugated bile acids is described.
