Scaling the CMS Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Model.

This Viewpoint discusses the potential benefits of expanding the Million Hearts Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Model of the US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).

Association between different types of social support and medication adherence.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between social support and medication adherence. STUDY DESIGN: A search of articles published before November 2010 in peer-reviewed, healthcare-related journals was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science, and search terms related to social support (social support OR friend OR family OR agency) and adherence (patient compliance OR medication adherence), yielding 5331 articles. METHODS: Articles were included if they directly measured the relationship between medication adherence and some form of social support. Excluded were case studies, studies with participants < 18 years of age, and non-English language studies. Four social support categories were reported: structural, practical, emotional, and combination. Medication adherence was reported in the manner in which it was described in each study. RESULTS: Fifty studies were included in the final analysis. A greater degree of practical support was most consistently associated with greater adherence to medication; evidence for structural or emotional support was less compelling. However, most studies were limited in size and design, and substantial variability in designs and outcome measurement prohibited pooling of results, necessitating qualitative evaluation of the studies. CONCLUSIONS: This qualitative analysis found that practical social support was most consistently associated with greater medication adherence. Interventions that use existing contacts (friends or family) to engage patients in the mundane and practical aspects of medication purchasing and administration may be an effective approach to promoting better medication adherence.

Adherence to medication under mandatory and voluntary mail benefit designs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare adherence rates under voluntary and mandatory mail benefit designs. STUDY DESIGN: Matched retrospective cohort. METHODS: Adherence rates in the first year of therapy were compared between voluntary and mandatory mail cohorts composed of individuals who initiated statin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), platelet aggregation inhibitor, metformin, glitazone, or sulfonylurea therapy at a retail pharmacy between January 1 and March 31, 2009. Initiators in mandatory mail plans were matched on therapeutic class, age, sex, prospective risk, and cost of initial prescription with those in voluntary mail plans. Logistic regression models of optimal adherence were constructed to adjust for measured confounders. RESULTS: Persistence rates were similar through the first 60 days of therapy. The mandatory mail cohort had a notable drop in persistence by day 90 (63.3% vs 56.3%, P <.001), with a more pronounced drop among those without previous mail-service pharmacy use (50.5%). Median medication possession ratio (49.2% vs 57.4%) and optimal adherence (33.6% vs 36.1) were also lower. In the multivariable models, mandatory mail participants were less likely to achieve optimal adherence overall (odds ratio [OR] 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67-0.74) and in the metformin (OR 0.55), sulfonylurea (OR 0.72), ACE inhibitor (OR 0.74), ARB (OR 0.69), and statin (OR 0.69) classes. Participants with no prior use of mail-service pharmacy had significantly lower odds of achieving optimal adherence in all therapeutic classes. CONCLUSIONS: Mandatory mail appears to cause some members to discontinue therapy prematurely, particularly those without previous mail service pharmacy experience.

Revealed preference for community and mail service pharmacy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine revealed pharmacy preference and predictors among patients enrolled in a pharmacy benefit that offered a 90-day supply of prescriptions via mail service and community pharmacy channels, with no differences in out-of-pocket costs. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: United States in 2008-09. PATIENTS: 324,968 commercially insured participants enrolled in plans that required use of mail service pharmacy for maintenance medications. INTERVENTION: Implementation of a pharmacy benefit design with optional use of either mail service or community pharmacy for 90-day supply prescriptions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Selection rates of mail service and community pharmacy and adjusted odds ratios for predicting community pharmacy for selected characteristics. RESULTS: In the first 4 months of the benefit design, 31.8% of participants previously mandated to use mail service pharmacy elected to fill 90-day prescriptions at community pharmacies. Selection of community pharmacy ranged from a low of 23.7% (previous mail service pharmacy users) to 66.3% (previous community pharmacy users). Among those initiating therapy, 44.3% selected community pharmacy for their new prescriptions, and among those with no previous mail use, 68% selected community pharmacy for new prescriptions. Preference for community/mail service pharmacy was dependent on numerous characteristics, including age, gender, household income, region, driving distance (time), and concomitant medication use. CONCLUSION: Patient behavior indicates that certain patients prefer to access prescription medications via mail service and others through community pharmacy channels. Restrictive benefit designs that incentivize patients to use less preferable pharmacy channels may adversely affect patient convenience, which could have the unintended consequence of reducing medication use and adherence.