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1.
Matern Child Health J ; 14(2): 164-73, 2010 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19229601

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To investigate differences between children ages 2 and 5 years enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in Texas whose overweight persisted and those whose overweight resolved. METHODS: The study involved administration of a survey to a randomly selected stratified sample of parents and guardians of WIC children residing in the 11 public health regions in Texas. Subjects volunteered to complete the survey during a scheduled WIC appointment. A total of 445 surveys were completed, 206 by parents/guardians of children classified as having persistent overweight, and 239 by those with children classified as having non-persistent overweight. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: A higher percentage of children in the non-persistent group were male, younger, white, consumed more dairy products, had a mother living in the household, and a family member who participated in physical activity with the child. A higher percentage of parents of children in the persistent group reported that they had been told their child was overweight and received information about overweight in children from the WIC staff. A higher percentage also felt their child was overweight, that their child's weight could be improved, that their child's weight did not improve in the last year and were concerned about their child's weight. This study identified several variables associated with overweight persistence. WIC personnel and other public health educators can utilize these findings to identify overweight children who are at higher risk for non-improvement and to plan more effective intervention strategies for the population studied.


Subject(s)
Overweight/epidemiology , Social Welfare , Adult , Causality , Child, Preschool , Feeding Behavior , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , Male , Nutrition Surveys , Texas/epidemiology
2.
J Anim Sci ; 86(12): 3575-85, 2008 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18641180

ABSTRACT

The objectives of this study were to determine the nutrient composition of grass-fed beef in the United States for inclusion in the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, and to compare the fatty acid composition of grass-fed and conventionally fed (control) beef. Ground beef (GB) and strip steaks (SS) were collected on 3 separate occasions from 15 grass-fed beef producers that represented 13 different states, whereas control beef samples were collected from 3 regions (Ohio, South Dakota, and Texas) of the United States on 3 separate occasions. Concentrations of minerals, choline, vitamin B(12), and thiamine were determined for grass-fed beef samples. Grass-fed GB samples had less Mg, P, and K (P < 0.05), and more Na, Zn, and vitamin B(12) (P < 0.05) than SS samples. Fat color, marbling, and pH were assessed for grass-fed and control SS. Subjective evaluation of the SS indicated that grass-fed beef had fat that was more yellow in color than control beef. Percentages of total fat, total cholesterol, and fatty acids along with trans fatty acids and CLA were determined for grass-fed and control SS and GB. Grass-fed SS had less total fat than control SS (P = 0.001), but both grass-fed and control SS were considered lean, because their total fat content was 4.3% or less. For both GB and SS, grass-fed beef had significantly less (P = 0.001 and P = 0.023, respectively) content of MUFA and a greater content of SFA, n-3 fatty acids, CLA, and trans-vaccenic acid than did the control samples. Concentrations of PUFA, trans fatty acids, n-6 fatty acids, and cholesterol did not differ between grass-fed and control ground beef. Trans-vaccenic acid (trans-11 18:1) made up the greatest concentration of the total trans fats in grass-fed beef, whereas CLA accounted for approximately 15% of the total trans fats. Although the fatty acid composition of grass-fed and conventionally fed beef was different, conclusions on the possible effects of these differences on human health cannot be made without further investigation.


Subject(s)
Body Composition/physiology , Cattle/physiology , Feeding Methods/veterinary , Meat/analysis , Meat/standards , Adipose Tissue/chemistry , Animals , Body Weight/physiology , Fatty Acids/analysis , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Minerals/analysis , Poaceae/metabolism , Vitamins/analysis
3.
Matern Child Health J ; 11(5): 447-59, 2007 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17318402

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To investigate differences between children ages one to five enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in the state of Texas whose anemia status improved and those whose anemia status did not improve. METHODS: The study involved administration of a survey to a randomly selected stratified sample of parents and guardians of WIC children residing in the eleven public health regions in Texas. Subjects volunteered to complete the survey during a scheduled WIC appointment. A total of 459 usable surveys were completed. Fifty-one percent of the surveys were completed by parents/guardians of children classified as anemia improvers and 49% were completed by parents/guardians of children classified as anemia non-improvers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: A majority of the respondents were the child's parent (97%). Most of the children were Hispanic/Latino (77%). More non-improvers than improvers were of young age (p < 0.01), had a parent/guardian who was 18-30 years of age (p < 0.01), lived in a household with four or more other children (p = 0.05) and were from households with a very low income (p = 0.03). Compared to improvers, non-improvers ate fewer snacks (p = 0.01) and a greater percentage never consumed dried fruits (p < 0.01). Knowledge level of the parents/guardians was similar for the two groups. A high percentage of parents/guardians of non-improvers incorrectly believed that their child's condition had improved. WIC staff and other public health educators can utilize these findings to identify those children with anemia who are at higher risk for non-improvement.


Subject(s)
Anemia/prevention & control , Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Child Welfare , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Nutrition Assessment , Nutritional Status , Program Evaluation , Anemia/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Databases as Topic , Dietary Services , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Nutrition Surveys , Risk Factors , Texas/epidemiology
4.
Nutr Cancer ; 40(1): 34-41, 2001.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11799920

ABSTRACT

The reduction of cancer incidence by dietary supplementation with L-selenomethionine, L-Se-methylselenocysteine, and other methylated selenium compounds and metabolites is believed to be due to the metabolic generation of the monomethylated selenium species methylselenol. Dimethyldiselenide and methylseleninic acid were reduced by glutathione in an in vitro chemiluminescent assay in the presence of lucigenin for the detection of superoxide (O2-.). The methylselenol produced on reduction of dimethyldiselenide and methylseleninic acid was found to be highly catalytic, continuously generating a steady state of O2-. The O2-. detected by the chemiluminescence generated by methylselenol was fully quenched by superoxide dismutase, causing a complete cessation of chemiluminescence. In contrast, dimethyldisulfide in the presence of glutathione was not catalytic to any measurable extent and did not generate any superoxide. These in vitro results suggest that methylselenol catalysis is possible in vivo, and if metabolism generates sufficient concentrations of methlylselenol from L-selenomethionine or L-Se-methylselenocysteine in vivo, it could change the redox status of cells and oxidatively induce cellular apoptosis.


Subject(s)
Anticarcinogenic Agents/metabolism , Cysteine/analogs & derivatives , Cysteine/metabolism , Organoselenium Compounds/metabolism , Selenomethionine/metabolism , Superoxides/metabolism , Anticarcinogenic Agents/therapeutic use , Glutathione/metabolism , Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism , Kinetics , Luminescent Measurements , Organoselenium Compounds/therapeutic use , Selenocysteine/analogs & derivatives , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
5.
Cancer Lett ; 160(2): 193-8, 2000 Nov 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11053649

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the effects of dietary selenomethionine supplementation on colonic polyamine levels and the ability of L-selenomethionine supplementation to modulate the carcinogenic activity of azoxymethane (AOM) in the rat colon. Four-week-old male F344 rats were treated with 15 mg/kg body weight of AOM once a week for 2 weeks. Dietary selenomethionine at a concentration of either 1 or 2 ppm was administered in AIN-76A rodent diet to AOM-treated animals for 16 weeks. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF), precursor lesions of colon cancer, were investigated after the 16 week treatment course. Selenomethionine given in the diet at 2 ppm markedly reduced the number of aberrant crypt foci. The multiplicity of ACFs (i.e. the number of aberrant crypts/focus) and the percentage of microadenomas were also affected by selenomethionine in a dose dependent manner. However, evaluation of the colonic tissue polyamine levels between control and treated groups showed no significant difference. These results demonstrate that selenomethionine can modulate the development of AOM-induced premalignant lesions through a polyamine-independent mechanism.


Subject(s)
Anticarcinogenic Agents/pharmacology , Biogenic Polyamines/metabolism , Colonic Neoplasms/prevention & control , Precancerous Conditions/prevention & control , Selenomethionine/pharmacology , Alanine Transaminase , Animals , Azoxymethane , Body Weight/drug effects , Carcinogens , Colon/drug effects , Colon/metabolism , Colon/pathology , Colonic Neoplasms/chemically induced , Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism , Dietary Supplements , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects , Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism , Intestinal Mucosa/pathology , Liver/drug effects , Liver/enzymology , Male , Precancerous Conditions/chemically induced , Precancerous Conditions/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Inbred F344 , Selenium/blood
6.
J Nutr ; 123(6): 1140-9, 1993 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8099368

ABSTRACT

The quantities of biotinyl proteins in liver of young rats were compared with age-matched controls at intervals during depletion and repletion of biotin. Growth rate and the concentrations of biotinyl proteins previously proposed as mitochondrial storage forms of acetyl CoA carboxylase rapidly decreased in response to biotin deprivation, whereas neither the concentration nor activity of cytosolic acetyl CoA carboxylase was affected. Concentrations of carboxylases active within mitochondria (pyruvate carboxylase, propionyl CoA carboxylase and 3-methyl crotonyl CoA carboxylase) decreased only after d 28. When biotin was injected into biotin-deficient rats, concentrations of the carboxylases active within mitochondria were restored to control levels within 3 h, whereas the concentrations of putative mitochondrial storage forms of acetyl CoA carboxylase reached normal levels only after 9 h, indicating that the injected biotin was preferentially used for the synthesis of the carboxylases active within mitochondria rather than acetyl CoA carboxylase. Mitochondrial acetyl CoA carboxylase may serve as a reservoir to maintain a normal concentration of cytosolic acetyl CoA carboxylase in liver of rats deprived of biotin and provide biotin, indirectly, to maintain essentially normal concentrations of the biotinyl enzymes active within mitochondria for several weeks after rats were fed a biotin-deficient diet.


Subject(s)
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase/physiology , Biotin/deficiency , Biotin/metabolism , Liver/enzymology , Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase/drug effects , Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase/metabolism , Animals , Biotin/pharmacology , Cytosol/drug effects , Cytosol/enzymology , Immunoblotting , Liver/drug effects , Liver/ultrastructure , Male , Mitochondria, Liver/drug effects , Mitochondria, Liver/enzymology , Pyruvate Carboxylase/drug effects , Pyruvate Carboxylase/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley
7.
Am J Physiol ; 262(6 Pt 1): L725-9, 1992 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1535484

ABSTRACT

The enzyme neutral metalloendopeptidase (E.C. 3.4.24.11), also known as the common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen, neutral endopeptidase, or enkephalinase, functions as an inactivator of a wide variety of signaling oligopeptides such as substance P, neurokinin A, enkephalins, endothelin, atrial natriuretic factor, and formyl chemotactic peptides. A cDNA clone isolated from a human lung library encodes a fragment of neutral metalloendopeptidase containing an internal 81 base pair deletion when compared with the human placental cDNA for this enzyme. Comparison of the deleted cDNA sequence with the intron-exon structure recently determined as the common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen reveals that the 81 base pairs corresponds precisely with exon 16. RNA analysis using splice junction oligonucleotides indicates that the 16 del form constitutes a minor but significant fraction of the RNA species present in human lung. Expression of constructs containing "wild type" and "exon 16 del" neutral endopeptidases in COS-7 cells reveals that deletion of this 27 amino acid segment reduces enzymatic activity toward the synthetic substrate glutaryl-alanyl-alanyl-phenyl-alanyl-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide to barely detectable levels.


Subject(s)
Antigens, CD/genetics , Antigens, Differentiation/genetics , Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics , Chromosome Deletion , Exons , Lung/enzymology , Neprilysin/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Base Sequence , Cell Line , Cloning, Molecular , DNA/genetics , DNA/isolation & purification , Gene Library , Humans , Molecular Sequence Data , Oligonucleotides, Antisense , Transfection
8.
J Biol Chem ; 267(17): 12330-5, 1992 Jun 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1376321

ABSTRACT

Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 contains an active site arginine believed to function in substrate binding. This arginine is thought to form an ionic interaction with the COOH-terminal carboxylate of NEP substrates. The functionality of arginine 102 has been investigated by using site-directed mutagenesis to produce mutants in which this residue was converted to a lysine, glycine, glutamine, or glutamate. All of the mutants exhibited essentially full activity as determined with a synthetic peptide amide, glutaryl-Ala-Ala-Phe-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamide. In contrast, activity was detected only with the wild-type enzyme and the lysine mutant using a synthetic substrate containing a free COOH-terminal carboxylate, dansyl-Gly-Trp-Gly. Inhibition studies with the physiologically active peptide substrates substance P, endothelin, and angiotensin I, as well as substance P free acid, [D-Ala2,Leu5]enkephalin, and [D-Ala2,Leu5]enkephalinamide indicated a lack of importance of arginine 102 in substrate binding. With [D-Ala2,Met5]enkephalin and the chemotactic peptide, N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe, a significant decrease in affinity is observed with the arginine 102 mutants. These results suggest that the contribution of arginine 102 to substrate binding is dependent upon the strength of other subsite interactions. Examination of dipeptides as inhibitors indicates that the nature and orientation of the P'2 residue is important in determining the strength of the interaction of arginine 102 with its substrates.


Subject(s)
Arginine/metabolism , Neprilysin/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Angiotensin I/metabolism , Animals , Arginine/genetics , Base Sequence , Binding Sites , Blotting, Western , Catalysis , Endothelins/metabolism , Enkephalins/metabolism , Molecular Sequence Data , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed , Neprilysin/genetics , Rats , Substance P/metabolism , Substrate Specificity
9.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun ; 184(2): 883-7, 1992 Apr 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1575757

ABSTRACT

Aside from serving as zinc ligands, kinetic data has implicated one or more additional histidines as catalytic residues in neutral endopeptidase ("enkephalinase") action. One of these histidines has previously been identified as histidine 704 (Bateman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 265:8365-8368, 1990). In order to determine whether a second histidine is involved in catalysis each of these residues not previously changed have been converted to glutamine by site directed mutagenesis. The resultant recombinant enzymes possess full catalytic activity indicating that histidine 704 is the only catalytic histidine in the enzyme.


Subject(s)
Histidine , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed , Neprilysin/genetics , Neprilysin/metabolism , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Base Sequence , Binding Sites , Cell Line , Diethyl Pyrocarbonate/pharmacology , Kinetics , Molecular Sequence Data , Oligodeoxyribonucleotides , Rats , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Substrate Specificity , Transfection
10.
J Nutr ; 121(9): 1360-5, 1991 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1652630

ABSTRACT

Five sources of dietary fiber were compared for their effect on blood and liver cholesterol. The effects of soybean fiber, rice bran (full fat), oat bran, barley bran and mixed bran on total blood cholesterol concentrations and liver cholesterol concentrations were measured in beef-fed C57BL/6 male mice. Each diet contained cooked beef, beef tallow, corn starch and 7% dietary fiber from one of the five fiber sources. A control group consumed a fiber-free diet. Dietary cholesterol was provided by the beef and beef tallow only. The experimental diets were fed for 3 wk; blood and liver were collected when the mice were 18 wk old. The liver cholesterol concentration in the rice bran-fed group was the lowest of the six diet groups and was significantly different than concentrations in the oat bran-fed group and the barley bran-fed group (P less than 0.05). The oat bran, mixed bran, and barley bran did not significantly lower blood cholesterol in the mice. Both the soybean fiber and rice bran diet groups had significantly lower total blood cholesterol than did the fiber-free controls (P less than 0.05). The soybean fiber group also had significantly lower blood cholesterol than the mixed-bran group.


Subject(s)
Cholesterol/blood , Dietary Fiber/pharmacology , Animals , Dietary Fats/metabolism , Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage , Edible Grain , Liver/chemistry , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL
11.
Biochem J ; 260(3): 927-30, 1989 Jun 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2569864

ABSTRACT

Fasted (48 h) rats were killed at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h after they were refed on a high-carbohydrate diet. An increase in the maximal activity and quantity of cystolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase was found in liver of refed rats after a lag time of about 8 h. The increased quantity of cytosolic enzyme was attributable primarily to mobilization of mitochondrial storage forms and not to substantial increase in the rate of synthesis of acetyl-CoA carboxylase.


Subject(s)
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase/metabolism , Ligases/metabolism , Mitochondria, Liver/enzymology , Animals , Enzyme Activation , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains , Time Factors
12.
Biochem J ; 257(3): 925-7, 1989 Feb 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2564777

ABSTRACT

Enzymically inactive acetyl-CoA carboxylase [acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.4.1.2] was found as a component of bovine milk-fat-globule membrane (MFGM). Acetyl-CoA carboxylase was present in MFGM at a higher concentration than in cytosolic or mitochondrial fractions of bovine mammary tissue, which makes it unlikely that its presence was due to simple contamination by these subcellular constituents.


Subject(s)
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase/metabolism , Dietary Fats/analysis , Ligases/metabolism , Milk/enzymology , Animals , Membranes/enzymology , Milk Proteins/metabolism
13.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol ; 64(4): 439-44, 1987 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2443892

ABSTRACT

The keratin proteins were extracted from the epithelial lining of three odontogenic keratocyst specimens. Two of the specimens were from a patient with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome; the third was a solitary lesion. Seven keratin proteins with molecular weights of 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 58, and 59 kilodaltons were identified by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with antikeratin antiserum. The reproducibility of the pattern of molecular markers implies a series of genetic events coincident with the characteristic pattern of epithelial differentiation.


Subject(s)
Keratins/analysis , Odontogenic Cysts/analysis , Adult , Collodion , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel/methods , Female , Humans , Male , Mandibular Diseases/metabolism , Maxillary Diseases/metabolism
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