ABSTRACT
Identifying factors associated with successful tobacco quit attempts may help in the development and targeting of effective cessation strategies. This paper aims to describe factors associated with smokeless tobacco (ST) cessation and compares the results to findings in the smoking cessation literature. Prospective data on 116 men aged 19 to 70 and participating in a ST cessation program were used to examine correlates of successful ST cessation at 1-year post-intervention. Controlling for age, level of education (p=0.002) and daily coffee consumption (p=0.005) had significant independent associations with successful cessation. No ST use variables were significant predictors of cessation success. In a multivariable logistic regression model three factors were significantly associated with cessation: education (p=0.010), coffee consumption (p=0.019), and age (p=0.029). Factors associated with successful ST cessation in this sample are consistent with predictors of smoking cessation reported in the literature. Based on its widespread use and the strength of its association with successful quitting, the role of caffeine consumption in ST cessation merits further study.
Subject(s)
Smoking Cessation/methods , Tobacco Use Cessation , Adult , Age Factors , Area Under Curve , Coffee , Educational Status , Humans , Logistic Models , Male , Marriage , Middle AgedSubject(s)
Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype , Influenza in Birds , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Program Development , Public Health , Animals , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Delaware , Humans , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , International Cooperation , Maryland , Poultry , United States , United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration , VirginiaABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether progestins counteract the cardioprotective effects of estrogen. DESIGN: Controlled animal study. SETTING: Academic laboratory environment. ANIMAL(S): Female apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. INTERVENTION(S): Mice were randomly assigned to groups receiving a sham operation plus placebo pellet, bilateral gonadectomy plus placebo pellet, or gonadectomy plus one of nine combinations of estrogen/progestin SC pellets. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Total plasma cholesterol, body weight, fat depot weight, uterine weight and size, and the cross-sectional area of fatty streaks in the aortic sinus were measured in each animal. RESULT(S): After 8 weeks of treatment, plasma cholesterol levels were significantly higher only in the ovariectomized and sham-operated animals that received placebo pellets. No differences in plasma cholesterol were observed relative to the type or amount of progestin administered. There was a reduction in fatty streaks in all of the hormone treatment groups as compared with both the ovariectomized and sham-operated animals that received placebo pellets. CONCLUSION(S): There were no significant differences in lesion area in response to estrogen alone or to estrogen plus the different types and doses of progestins.
Subject(s)
Apolipoproteins E/deficiency , Arteriosclerosis/prevention & control , Estradiol/pharmacology , Medroxyprogesterone Acetate/pharmacology , Norgestrel/analogs & derivatives , Norgestrel/pharmacology , Ovariectomy , Adipose Tissue/pathology , Animals , Arteriosclerosis/pathology , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Body Weight/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Insulin/blood , Lipids/blood , Lipoproteins/blood , Medroxyprogesterone Acetate/administration & dosage , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Norgestrel/administration & dosage , Organ Size/drug effects , Random Allocation , Sinus of Valsalva/pathologyABSTRACT
Recent studies suggest that the beneficial effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) in reducing cardiovascular events may in part, be independent of their capacity to lower plasma lipids. To test this hypothesis, simvastatin (50 mg/kg/d) was administered to 30-week-old apolipoprotein E deficient mice (apo E-/-) for 12, 18 and 24 weeks. In contrast to other experimental models and humans, simvastatin treatment increases plasma cholesterol levels in apo E-/- mice. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify expression of tissue factor (TF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the aorta of each mouse. Expression of TF was reduced to 34, 24, and 13% of control levels at 12, 18 and 24 weeks, respectively, of simvastatin administration. Advanced lesions in the innominate arteries of the simvastatin treated mice had reduced levels of TF, fewer macrophages and reduced expression of early growth response-1 (Egr-1). In vitro studies in mouse macrophages demonstrated decreased lipopolysaccharide induced binding of nuclear proteins to the Egr-1 consensus DNA sequence following pretreatment with simvastatin. RNA levels for MCP-1 were reduced to 30% of control values following 24 weeks of simvastatin treatment. In conclusion, these data suggest that chronic administration of simvastatin to older apo E-/- mice can inhibit the expression of pro-thrombotic/pro-inflammatory genes within established atherosclerotic lesions via mechanisms that are independent of reductions in plasma lipids.
