[Compensation of the rectum muscle dysfunction].

The possibility of compensating for the inborn pathology of the obturative apparatus of the rectum has been examined. An adequate experimental model of encopresis and a method of transplantological compensation of this pathological state have been developed.

[Chronic hypoxia state as one of the factors of increased fluorescence of endogenous porphyrins in alive biological tissues].

The hypothesis about the influence of chronic hypoxia in soft alive tissues on the intensity of He-Ne laser-induced fluorescence of endogenous porphyrins in tissues in the red region of the optical spectrum is discussed. Some theoretical prerequisites for enormous accumulation of porphyrins in soft tissues in a number of pathological cases and diseases are presented. A method for conducting clinical experimental trials to verify the hypothesis with the use of up-to-date laser noninvasive fluorescent diagnostics is proposed. Both the theoretical reasoning and new clinical experimental data show that chronic hypoxia can be one of the factors responsible for the appearance of a strong and abnormal laser-induced fluorescent signal from biotissues in the spectrum range 600-800 nm, which is associated with abnormally high accumulation of endogenous porphyrins in tissues.

[Significance of laser dopplerometry in diagnostics of upper extremity occupational angiopathy].

The paper demonstrates the results of the application of laser dopplerometry supplemented with respiratory, thermal and occlusive functional tests, as a new non-invasive method of microcirculation evaluation. Initially the majority of patients have spastic or hyperemic microcirculation disturbances in the skin of the fingers. Functional tests allow specification of the mechanisms of these disturbances, such as microhemodynamic inertness and the suppression of slow circulatory rhythms, which demonstrate the presence of myogenic tonus disorder and prove that vibration has direct influence on vascular wall cells. The manifestation of neurogenic component is the dominance of sympatic vasomotor reflex. The paper also demonstrates the dominance of vasoconstrictor effect over vasodilatatory one.

[Increasing the effectiveness of skin cancer T(2-3) N0M0 radiotherapy by use of radiosencibilizers].

The paper presents an attempt to increase the effectiveness of radiotherapy of locally advanced skin cancer by use of radiomodifiers. With this aim the researchers used metronidozol (MZ) and low-intensive laser emission (LILE), whoes radiosensibilizing activity is based on overcoming radioresistance of tumor hypoxic cell fraction. In order to increase MZ concentration in the tumor and eleminate its toxic effect the authors developed a new radiosensibilization technique, implying local use of a drug applicator. The technique is based on use of textile materials with specifed medical qualities (the method of their production was developed by the Scientific and Practical Association "Textileprogress"). The second direction of the research consisted in use of low-intensive laser emission as a radiosensibilizer, which was considered to be possible due to theoretical and experimental data suggesting the LILE capability of activating microcirculation in tumor and surrounding tissues. According to the authors of the article, the improvement of tumor microsirculation must increase tumor cell oxygenation, thus increasing their radiosensitivity. Applying radiosensibilization of hypoxic cells with MZ and LILE in radiotherapy of T2 basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas with the tumor size 4-5 cm and T3 tumors using original dose fractioning regimens (TFD 72 to 73 Gy) allows significant improvement of immediate treatment results without increase in local radioreactions and without substantial influence of the recurrence rate.

[The puncture and catheterization of the peripheral vessels using ultrasonic scanning]. / Punktsiia i kateterizatsiia perifericheskikh sosudov s ispol'zovaniem ul'trazvukovogo skanirovaniia.

Having many-year experience with angiographic interventions, the authors examined the potentialities of ultrasonic angioscanning to monitor the implementation of endovascular interventions (EVI). During the study, they developed an original procedure of different EVI with intraoperative ultrasonic monitoring, refined the ultrasonic semiotics of the procedure, achieved positive results in preventing possible complications. The authors made indications for the procedure and rational ways of its application more concrete. They provide evidence for that the proposed procedure greatly facilitates the performance of different intravascular procedures and reduces the time (or excludes) teleradioscopy, thus lowering the radiation burden on the staff and the patient.

[Computed tomography in the diagnosis of gastric cancer]. / Nekotorye voprosy KT-diagnostiki raka zheludka.

The potentialities of x-ray computer-aided tomography (CAT) in the studies of intraparietal blastomatous infiltration are analyzed as shown by examinations of 134 patients with gastric cancer. The diagnostic efficacies of various modifications of CAT (filling of the stomach with liquid, pneumoscanning of the stomach with or without tubes) are assessed. Good diagnostic potentialities of tubal scanning of the stomach in the assessment of intraparietal tumor infiltration are demonstrated. CAT semeiotics of gastric cancer is presented, characterizing the tumors with predominantly intraparietal dissemination of blastomatous infiltration. The existent projection limitations of axial CAT of individual portions of the stomach and high price of the examination imply that the indications to the use of this method in gastrooncology should be clearly defined. At the same time, scrupulous adherance to methodologic requirements aimed at imaging of intraparietal changes in gastric cancer may help to solve a number of differential diagnostic difficulties, primarily those connected with predominantly submucously growing carcinomas.

[Computed tomography in the diagnosis of abdominal and retroperitoneal lymphosarcomas]. / Rol kompíuternoi tomografii v diagnostike limfosarkom briushnoi polosti i zabriushinnogo prostranstva.

Analysis of the data of 87 computer-aided tomographic examinations of patients with peritoneal and retroperitoneal lymphosarcomas permitted the authors single out a peculiar computer-tomographic "semeiotics" of this condition. Four states in computer-tomographic changes of the lymph nodes in this area were distinguished, each of them corresponding to specific clinical manifestations of the suffering. The authors came to such a conclusion as a result of detecting in the same 18 patients of a clear-cut correlation between the type of computer-tomographic semeiotics and lymphosarcoma phase in the process of therapy and after it, during remission. Not denying a high value of computer-aided tomography in the diagnosis of peritoneal and retroperitoneal lymphosarcomas, the authors confirm the well-known diagnostic potentialities of ultrasonic examination and consider that ultrasound should remain the primary diagnostic instrument in such conditions.

[Role of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of pulmonary cancer]. / Rol' kompiuternoi tomografii v diagnostike raka legkogo.

The authors analyse 297 cases with lung cancer and 86 cases with various lung diseases which were to be differentiated from lung cancer and discuss the present-day potentialities of computer-aided tomography in the diagnosis of this condition comparing this method with classical roentgenology methods. The authors consider than in central pulmonary carcinoma computer-aided tomography is particularly valuable in peribronchial dissemination of the tumor, in peripheral it objectively shows pleural involvement, and in bronchoalveolar cancer this method shows symptoms specific of this lung cancer form. A conclusion is made that despite the usefulness of computer-aided tomography in the diagnosis of lung cancer common tomography remains the most effective method for the diagnosis of this suffering.

[Radiologic diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in abdominal and retroperitoneal sites]. / Luchevaia diagnostika nekhodzhkinskikh limfom abdominal'noi i retroperitoneal'noi lokalizatsii.

A total of 112 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of abdominal and retroperitoneal localization were examined by the ultrasonic and x-ray methods, in 83 of them x-ray computer-aided tomography was used. Angiographic examinations and puncture biopsy monitored by US or x-ray CAT were carried out if indicated. The authors discuss the problems of ultrasonic and x-ray semeiotics of the lymphomatous involvement of the lymph nodes, spleen, gastrointestinal tract. They claim that USE, permitting the specification of further plan of examination of each patient, and x-ray examination as a method to assess the gastrointestinal status are the optimal methods for the primary diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. US data may prompt further application of x-ray CAT, whose results will supplement the US findings. Angiographic examinations should be carried out only in the most difficult diagnostic situations, bearing in mind the invasive nature of the method and its high price.

[Potentialities of x-ray diagnosis in improving the diagnosis of oncologic diseases in outpatient clinics]. / Vozmozhnosti rentgenologii v uluchshenii poliklinicheskoi diagnostiki onkologicheskikh zabolevanii.

The authors analyze the possibilities of improving the prehospital diagnosis of the most prevalent oncologic diseases (tumors of the lungs, stomach, large intestine, mammary gland) that may be effectively detected by modified methods of x-ray and x-ray fluorographic examinations. The x-ray diagnostic service of health centers is regarded as a most important component in the system of prehospital diagnosis. A program of reorganization of this service is suggested, that will help reorient its activities to purposeful screening examinations that will altogether improve the detection of a number of oncologic diseases.

[A complex x-ray endoscopic study in complicated cholelithiasis]. / Kompleksnoe rentgenoéndoskopicheskoe issledovanie pri oslozhennoi zhelchnokamennoi bolezni.

Recurrent or residual choledocholithiasis was diagnosed in 202 patients with a history of cholecystectomy, in 148 cases this condition was combined with papillostenosis. Transfistula extraction of the concrements and endoscopic papillosphyncterotomy helped achieve cure of 186 (92%) patients without relaparotomy. The authors discuss the role of roentgenology in such combined x-ray and endoscopic diapedetic examinations and emphasize its role in identification of the diagnostic details that are so important for the choice of the optimal treatment strategy. They come to a conclusion that the results of treatment of complicated cholelithiasis by 'minor surgery' means depend not only on the manipulations and skills of the surgeon endoscopist, but on the full-value employment of roentgenology as well.

[Effect of physiologically active polymers on the activity and hormonal induction of tyrosine aminotransferase]. / Vliianie fiziologicheski aktivnykh polimerov na aktivnost' tirozinaminotransferazy na ee gormonal'nuiu induktsiiu.

Effect of neutral polymers on activity of tyrosine aminotransferase and hydrocortisone induction of the enzyme were studied. Physiologically active polymers decreased in most cases the basal rate of the enzymatic activity. Preadministration of polymers decreased hormonal induction of tyrosine aminotransferase. Simultaneous administration of polymers and hydrocortisone led to augmented and long-term induction, which appears to occur due to complex-formation of the polymer and hormone. Gradual liberation of hydrocortisone from the complex enabled to maintain the hormone effective concentration for a long time.

[The effect of neutral polymers on glutamate dehydrogenase activity of mouse liver mitochondria upon administration of endotoxin]. / Vliianie neitral'nykh polimerov na aktivnost' glutamatdegidrogenazy mitokhondrii pecheni myshei pri vvedenii éndotoksina.

It is shown that neutral polymers administered intraperitoneally to intact animals considerably affect glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the liver cell mitochondria as well as in the supernatant. Of the tested polymers, only polyvinyl methylacetamide and dextran inhibit a decrease in the level of mitochondrial enzyme activity which develops with administration of endotoxin. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone with molecular weight of 100 kDa, polyvinyl methylacetamide, dextran and polyvinyl caprolactam prevent an increase of glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the supernatant in case of endotoxin administration to animals. It is possibly a result of the effect of the mitochondrial structure stabilization by the above polymers. A physiological effect of polyvinyl pyrrolidone revealed as an effect on the activity level of mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase and in the supernatant after endotoxin administration to animals, depends on the molecular weight of the polymer.

[Radiological diagnosis of tumors of the adrenal glands]. / Luchevaia diagnostika opukholei nadpochechnikov.

Radiation methods were used for examining 176 patients with hormonal-active tumors and 12 patients with hormonal-nonactive tumors. The correct diagnosis of tumor of the adrenals was established with the help of oxysuprarenography in 51.9%. Ultrasonic examination was used in 78.8% and roentgen computed tomography--in 93.5%. Differential diagnostics of the Itsenko--Cushing disease and Cushing syndrome, due to corticosteroma is possible on the basis of the whole complex of findings of USI, RCT and venography with determination of the level of cortisol, aldosterone, catecholamine in blood flowing from the adrenals.

[Organizational and methodological reorganization of diagnostic services in the polyclinics]. / O organizatsionno-metodicheskoi perestroike diagnosticheskikh sluzhb poliklinik.

Suggestions are made of organizational and methodological restructuring of diagnostic polyclinic service which make it possible to substantially increase its diagnostic and economic effectiveness. The major elements of such restructuring should include: 1. introduction of special programmes on risk group selection according to separate diseases; 2. The application of standardized complex ++fluoro-roentgenographic techniques while using apparatus available in the majority of regular polyclinics. The programmes elaborated permitted to detect a great number of different diseases (tumors and chronic non-specific lung diseases, tumors and gastric ulcer, tumors of the colon, breast tumors, etc) the proportion of which in the general pattern of diseases in great. According to the authors' opinion the introduction of the proposed diagnostic programmes into the work of polyclinics would sharply increase the effectiveness of this service.

[Methodological aspects of formation of groups at risk for cancer of the stomach and large intestine]. / Metodologicheskie aspekty formirovaniia grupp riska po raku zheludka i tolstoi kishki.

An algorithm for selection of groups at high risk of cancer of the stomach and colon has been developed with the aim of improving the diagnosis of these diseases in mass screening of the population. A multidimensional statistical analysis realized in MEDSTAT-85 programme package was used to identify the most informative risk factors and to formulate the regularity having these factors expressed in percent by weight. The proposed programme of targeted screening allows for rapid and effective selection of risk groups and, in combination with the conventional gastric and colon fluorography techniques, facilitates timely detection of gastric and colonic cancer.