Equivalent system based inverse dynamics analysis of transfemoral prosthetic legs: Validation and application.

Inverse dynamics analysis of prosthetic legs with polycentric knees is complex due to increased number of links. The present work proposes a simple and general method called equivalent system (ES) analysis. The ES analysis provides forces and moment at hip joint as well as at the functional knee centre (FKC), the instant centre of the polycentric knee. The input to the ES analysis is the motion data. For validation of the proposed method, synthetic motion data for the swing phase of walking with prosthetic legs having different knees are generated by simulations using ADAMS. The hip kinetics evaluated by the proposed method is compared with that from ADAMS. The root mean square errors of the ES analysis are lower than 17 (10-6) N for hip reaction forces and 2.6 (10-6) Nm for the hip moments, thereby validating the proposed method. In order to demonstrate the application of the proposed methodology, the motion data of two transfemoral amputees using single-axis and four-bar knee prostheses are obtained during gait trials. The hip kinetics as well as kinetics at FKC are computed using ES analysis. Hip power during the swing phase is also evaluated and compared. The results are presented in this paper and discussed. The ES analysis is shown to be a versatile tool to provide insights into the human-mechanism interaction.

Swing phase considerations in prosthetic knee design: Case series to validate simulations.

BACKGROUND: Previously reported simulations comparing a new polycentric knee (called IPK) and a single-axis knee suggested that polycentricity could lead to improved performance during swing phase and negate the need for an extension assist. They also showed that an anteriorly translated socket adapter for enhanced stance stability compromises foot clearance during swing. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study are to validate those findings using gait trials to enable further improvement in the IPK design before mass production. METHODS: Three subjects regularly using three different passive knees, single-axis knee without extension assist, single-axis knee with extension assist (SAK-EA), and polycentric knee with extension assist (Mobility India-sourced polycentric knee), participated in this study. Their gait with their regular prosthesis and with IPK (having no extension assist) were analyzed, compared, and broadly correlated with simulation results. RESULTS: Extension assist in single-axis knee with extension assist improved swing performance, affected foot clearance in Mobility India-sourced polycentric knee, and was found to be unnecessary in the IPK. With an anteriorly placed socket adapter in the IPK, compensatory strategies were necessary for foot clearance. The IPK was found to provide better knee extension characteristics with lower hip effort (up to 42% reduction) than other knees. CONCLUSIONS: This case series confirmed previously reported simulation results on the swing phase behavior of passive prosthetic knees. The performance of the IPK during swing obviated the need for an extension assist, thereby simplifying the design. Appropriate design changes in the IPK's socket adapter location are required to achieve both stance stability and reduce gait compensations for foot clearance.

Achieving excellent microformability in aluminum by engineering a unique ultrafine-grained microstructure.

During microforming of conventional materials, specimen and microstructural length-scales are close to each other. This leads to an abnormal deformation behavior of the material and reduces microformability. Engineering ultrafine-grained (UFG) microstructure in the material is a possible solution. However, micro-scale deformation behavior of UFG material is not fully understood. Present work attempts to comprehensively investigate the micro-scale deformation of four distinctly engineered microstructures: UFG with residual dislocations and elongated grains, UFG free of residual dislocation with equiaxed grains, bimodal-grained and coarse-grained. The deformation behavior is captured via micro-scale uniaxial tensile test and micro-deep drawing operation. Micro-cups generated from UFG material with equiaxed grains show excellent surface quality, form-accuracy and minimal process scatter. Postmortem microscopy of the formed micro-cups attributes this improved microformability to the activation of grain boundary-mediated plasticity in the material which results in synergetic grain migration and rotation. Presence of residual dislocations and elongated grains hinders the grain migration and rotation leading to strain localization and thinning. In case of bimodal and coarse-grained material, cross-slip based deformation mode progressively dominates over grain migration and rotation, which results in a reduction in microformability due to the influence of size-effect.