Mediating effects of predictability between caregiving demands and caregiving consequences for persons living with dementia: A longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the role of predictability in the relationship between caregiving demands and caregiving consequences. DESIGN: This 2-year longitudinal survey study collected from self-report questionnaires. A convenience sample of family caregivers of older persons living with dementia were recruited from a neurology clinic. RESULTS: A total of 200 family caregivers were recruited to participate. Analysis indicated predictability was a partial mediator between caregiving demand and caregiver consequences of role strain, depressive symptoms and both physical and mental components of health-related quality of life at the 2-year follow. Predictability accounted for 25 %, 28.8 %, 15.3 % and 46.5 % of the relationship between caregiving demand and caregiving consequences of role strain, depressive symptoms, physical- and mental-health related quality of life, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The contributions of caregiving demand to outcomes of caregiver consequences were in part due family caregivers perceived predictability for caregiving.

Effectiveness of a health education program for people with dementia and their family caregivers: An intervention by nurse practitioners.

PURPOSE: This study assesses the effectiveness of a health education program on caregiving outcomes for people with dementia and their families. METHODS: This quasi-experimental study involved 250 people with dementia and their family caregivers. Behavioral problems in people with dementia were assessed using the Chinese version of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory-community form. Family caregiver outcomes were measured using the Agitation Management Self-Efficacy Scale, Caregiver Preparedness Scale, Competence Scale, and Community Resource Awareness and Utilization Assessment. RESULTS: Following the intervention, the experimental group demonstrated significant improvements in terms of self-efficacy, preparedness, competence, and awareness and utilization of community resources among family caregivers. Additionally, the experimental group exhibited lower levels of behavioral problems among people with dementia. CONCLUSIONS: This study helped improve caregiving outcomes for people with dementia and their family caregivers. Therefore, outpatient healthcare providers can utilize these findings to enhance care for this population.

Implementation difficulties and solutions for a smart-clothes assisted home nursing care program for older adults with dementia or recovering from hip fracture.

BACKGROUND: Wearable devices have the advantage of always being with individuals, enabling easy detection of their movements. Smart clothing can provide feedback to family caregivers of older adults with disabilities who require in-home care. METHODS: This study describes the process of setting up a smart technology-assisted (STA) home-nursing care program, the difficulties encountered, and strategies applied to improve the program. The STA program utilized a smart-vest, designed specifically for older persons with dementia or recovering from hip-fracture surgery. The smart-vest facilitated nurses' and family caregivers' detection of a care receiver's movements via a remote-monitoring system. Movements included getting up at night, time spent in the bathroom, duration of daytime immobility, leaving the house, and daily activity. Twelve caregivers of older adults and their care receiver participated; care receivers included persons recovering from hip fracture (n = 5) and persons living with dementia (n = 7). Data about installation of the individual STA in-home systems, monitoring, and technical difficulties encountered were obtained from researchers' reports. Qualitative data about the caregivers' and care receivers' use of the system were obtained from homecare nurses' reports, which were explored with thematic analysis. RESULTS: Compiled reports from the research team identified three areas of difficulty with the system: incompatibility with the home environment, which caused extra hours of manpower and added to the cost of set-up and maintenance; interruptions in data transmissions, due to system malfunctions; and inaccuracies in data transmissions, due to sensors on the smart-vest. These difficulties contributed to frustration experienced by caregivers and care receivers. CONCLUSIONS: The difficulties encountered impeded implementation of the STA home nursing care. Each of these difficulties had their own unique problems and strategies to resolve them. Our findings can provide a reference for future implementation of similar smart-home systems, which could facilitate ease-of-use for family caregivers.

Predictors of rewarded caregiving for family caregivers of person with dementia: A longitudinal study.

The purpose of this study was to explore variables associated with rewarded caregiving for family caregivers of persons living with dementia over a 2-year follow-up. This correlational longitudinal study was comprised of 200 family caregivers of persons living with dementia from neurological clinics of a medical center was conducted. Dichotomous scoring of the Rewards of Caregiving Scale of the Family Caregiving Inventory resulted in 61 (30.5%) caregivers being assigned to the well-rewarded group and 139 (69.5%) to the poorly reward group at baseline. Variables included characteristics of family caregivers and their care receivers and assessments with validated scales of caregivers' social support and dyadic relational variables of mutuality, preparedness, and balance. Analysis at baseline showed significant predictors of well-rewarded family caregivers were being an adult child of the care receiver, having a high perceived level mutuality and having a high perceived level of preparedness. These three variables remained as significant predictors at the 1- and 2-year follow-up. Caregivers with high levels of perceived mutuality and preparedness at 2-years were seven times more likely to perceive themselves as well-rewarded. Based on the findings, developing clinical interventions that focus on promoting mutuality and preparedness for family caregivers of persons with dementia could allow caregivers to perceive their role as rewarding. Attention should also be paid to the relationship between the caregiver and care receiver to enhance the family caregiver's feelings of mutuality and preparedness.

Coexisting with anomie: Experiences of persons living with early-stage dementia: A grounded theory study.

Individuals in the early stages of dementia often endure elevated levels of stress and anxiety, which can hinder their ability to adapt to the progression of dementia. To mitigate the negative impacts of dementia more effectively, it is necessary to explore the trajectory of the adaptation process of persons living with dementia. This study aimed to construct a theoretical framework for the adaptation process of individuals in the early stages of dementia. Participants were dyads of persons diagnosed with mild dementia or mild cognitive impairment (≥ 60 years of age) and their primary family caregivers. This longitudinal study used a grounded theory approach to explore the adaptation trajectory changes in persons with mild dementia over a 3-year period. Data were collected from dyads with face-to-face interviews. Analysis of the interview data revealed the core category was 'Coexisting with anomie: Progressive disappointment and striving', which was comprised of three categories: awareness of alienation, unsettled feelings, and restorative avoidance coping. Categories changed depending on levels of cognition and constituted progressive and cyclical dynamic processes. Four contextual factors positively or negatively influenced adaptation: level of insight about dementia, personal traits, caregiving style of the caregiver, and level of social interactions. These findings provide a new perspective about the mental health of persons in early-stage dementia. Understanding coexisting with anomie and related influencing factors could facilitate the development of support interventions by mental health nursing staff, which could improve emotional safety, promote psychological well-being, and increase quality of life for persons living with dementia.

Influences of Cognitive Function and Depressive Symptoms on Pain Trajectories During the First Year Following Hip Fracture Surgery: A Prospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were to explore trajectories for patterns of postoperative pain intensity during the first year following hip fracture surgery and the relationships between pain trajectory groups, cognitive impairment, and depressive symptoms. DESIGN: A prospective cohort correlational study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 325 patients aged 60 years or older who had received hip fracture surgery at a 3000-bed medical center in northern Taiwan from September 2012 to March 2020. METHODS: Data were collected before hospital discharge and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postdischarge. Pain intensity was measured using a numeric rating scale; cognitive function was measured with the Taiwan version of the Mini-Mental State Examination; and depressive symptoms were measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form. Patients with similar postoperative pain trajectories were categorized into groups and compared with group-based trajectory modeling. Cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms associated with each group were identified by logistic regression. RESULTS: Three different pain trajectory groups were identified: drastic decline-minimum pain (47.7%), gentle decline-mild pain (45.5%), and slight decline-moderate pain (6.8%). Patients with cognitive impairment [odds ratio (OR) 11.01, 95% CI 2.99-10.51] and at risk for depression (OR 49.09, 95% CI 10.46-230.30) were more likely to be in the moderate pain group than the minimum pain group. Patients with cognitive impairment (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.25-3.42) were more likely to be in the mild pain group than the minimum pain group. Patients at risk for depression (OR 9.68, 95% CI 3.16-29.63) were more likely to be in the moderate pain group than the mild pain group. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Identifying postoperative pain trajectories can provide insight into the most appropriate pain management for older persons following hip fracture surgery. Attention should focus on assessments for cognitive impairment and risk of depression to prevent persistent postoperative pain. Future studies of older patients with clinically diagnosed cognitive impairment and depression are suggested.

The enrichment process for family caregivers of persons living with dementia: A grounded theory approach.

AIM: Many persons living with dementia (PLWD) reside in the community and are cared for by family members. The aim of this qualitative study was to gain an understanding the enrichment process for family caregivers of PLWD in Taiwan. DESIGN: A grounded theory approach with face-to-face semi-structured interviews was conducted with family caregivers of PLWD in Taiwan. METHODS: Interview data from 30 family caregivers of PLWD recruited from dementia clinics or support groups in Taiwan were obtained from the first wave of a larger study conducted from January 2018 to September 2021. Glaser's grounded theory approach with theoretical sampling was used to understand the enrichment process of family caregivers of PLWD. RESULTS: Analysis indicated the core category that characterized the process of enrichment was 'holding together'. Caregivers were able to maintain their connection to the person with dementia through activities that deepened their relationship and strengthened their bond. 'Holding together' included four components: maintaining continuity, creative interactions, interacting with humour and sharing pleasurable activities. Through these components, family caregivers generated positive interactions and relationships with the person living with dementia and sustained their motivation for caregiving. Three modifying elements facilitated or impeded the process of holding together: 'previous daily interactions', 'caregiving beliefs' and 'filial piety'. CONCLUSION: Through the enrichment process of 'holding together', family caregivers used different strategies to conduct pleasurable and meaningful activities with the person living with dementia to maintain and improve their relationship and enhance their happiness in life. IMPACT: To facilitate the enrichment process, health care providers should encourage activities between family caregivers and PLWD that promote continuity, increase interactions, provide humour and foster pleasurable activities. REPORTING METHOD: This study adhered to the COREQ guideline checklist. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.

Strategies for managing group caregiving following hip-fracture surgery among family members: A grounded theory study.

BACKGROUND: Family members in many countries often share caregiving responsibilities for an older relative recovering from an injury. However, few studies have examined strategies employed when multiple family members provide care for an older relative recovering from hip-fracture surgery. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to understand family group caregiving strategies when two or more family members provide caregiving for an older relative recovering from hip-fracture surgery. METHODS: This study used a grounded theory design. Semistructured interviews were conducted over 1 year with 13 Taiwanese family caregivers from five families. Caregivers shared caregiving responsibilities for an older relative (62-92 years of age) recovering from hip-fracture surgery. Transcribed interviews were analysed using open, axial and selective coding. RESULTS: The core category describing caregiving among family members was 'Preventive Group Management: strategies for family group caregiving'. Three strategies were employed: explicit division of labour (two stem/patriarchal families and one older two-generation/democratic family); disconnected caregiving (one nuclear/noncommunicative family) and patriarchal caregiving (one extended/traditional Chinese family). Strategies reflected family type, structure, cultural values, communication patterns and available outside support. Components of family group caregiving involved family type's division of labour, approaches to caregiving and implementation challenges and allowed family caregivers to maximise safety and stability and prevent harmful events during their relative's recovery from surgery. CONCLUSIONS: There was no one-size-fits-all approach for the strategies of family group caregiving. Components of Preventive Group Management varied with family type, cultural values, communication patterns and available outside support. Healthcare professionals should be sensitive to the dynamics of family caregivers. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Enhance group management for family caregivers by developing interventions to optimize collaboration, thereby better addressing the needs of older adults recovering from hip fracture surgery.

Effects of a diabetes mellitus-specific care intervention and home environment among older adults following hip fracture surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the impact of home environment on effects of a diabetes mellitus (DM)-specific care model among older adults following hip-fracture surgery. METHODS: A secondary analysis using the Home Environmental Barriers Scale assessed home environment (intervention group=81, control group=79) at 1- and 3-months post-discharge. Outcomes of physical functioning were assessed at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-months post-discharge. RESULTS: The intervention group had better home environmental improvements compared with the control group. Participants were characterized as having good or poor environmental improvements. Those with good improvements and received the intervention had better activities of daily living compared with matched controls. Participants with poor improvements and received the intervention had better scores for hip range of motion and quadriceps muscle strength compared with matched controls. DISCUSSION: A DM-specific home rehabilitation for older adults following hip-fracture surgery that includes assessment of the home environment can facilitate complex postoperative functional recovery.

Trajectories of social support are associated with health outcomes and depressive symptoms among older Taiwanese adults with diabetes following hip-fracture surgery.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined trajectories of social support and their relationships with health outcomes over 2 years post hip-fracture surgery for older adults with diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: This was a secondary analysis of data derived from a clinical trial, which included 158 hip fractured older adults with DM who had completed the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey at 1-, 12-, 18-, and 24-months following hospital discharge. Health outcomes for self-care, physical and nutritional status, mental health, and depression were assessed at 3-month intervals up to 24-months after hospital discharge. Trajectories of social support were derived with latent class analysis while hierarchical linear models were employed to assess the associations of social-support trajectory with health outcomes. RESULTS: Four social-support trajectories were derived for persons with DM following hip-fracture surgery: poor and declining (n = 18, 11.4%), moderate and stable (n = 29, 18.4%), high but declining (n = 34, 21.5%), and high and stable (n = 77, 48.7%). Relative to those in the poor and declining group, participants in the high and stable trajectory group performed better in Activities of Daily Living and quadriceps muscle power, had better mental Health-Related Quality of Life and nutritional status, and had fewer depressive symptoms. These differences persisted over the 2 years following hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest social support for persons with DM should be continually assessed following hip-fracture surgery.

Combined Effects of Cognitive Impairment and Nutritional Trajectories on Functional Recovery for Older Patients after Hip-Fracture Surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Malnutrition and cognitive impairment are associated with poor functional recovery in older adults following hip-fracture surgery. This study examined the combined effects of cognitive impairment and nutritional trajectories on postoperative functional recovery for older adults following hip-fracture surgery. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal correlational study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: This study recruited 350 older adults (≥60 years of age) who received hip-fracture surgery at a 3000-bed medical center in northern Taiwan from September 2012 to March 2020. METHODS: Participant data were collected over a 2-year period after surgery for nutritional and cognitive status and activities of daily living (ADLs). Participants were grouped by type of nutritional trajectory using group-based trajectory modeling. Generalized estimating equations analyzed associations between trajectory groups/cognitive status at discharge and performance of ADLs. RESULTS: Nutritional trajectories best fit a 3-group trajectory model: malnourished (19%), at-risk of malnutrition (40%), and well-nourished (41%). Nutritional status for the malnourished group declined from 12 months to 24 months following surgery; nutritional status remained stable for at-risk of malnutrition and well-nourished groups. Interactions for cognitive impairment-by-nutritional status were significant: the malnourished + intact cognition subgroup had significantly better ADLs than the malnourished + cognitive impairment subgroup (b = 27.1, 95% confidence interval = 14.0-40.2; P < .001). For at-risk of malnutrition and well-nourished groups, there were no significant differences between cognitive impairment and intact cognition in ADLs. These findings suggest that nutritional status may buffer the negative effect of cognitive impairment on ADLs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Better nutritional status over time for older adults following hip fracture can protect against adverse influences of cognitive impairment on ADLs during postoperative recovery. Participants with malnutrition and cognitive impairment had the poorest ADLs. These findings suggest interventions tailored to improving nutritional status may improve recovery for older adults following hip-fracture surgery.

Experiences of family caregivers of persons living with dementia with and without a smart- clothes assisted home nursing program during the heightened COVID-19 alert.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has required restrictions of daily activities, which has been found to impact the lives of persons living with dementia (PLWDs) and their family caregivers, who have multiple care demands. The lack of relevant studies in Taiwan emphasized the need to explore the experiences of family caregivers of older PLWDs faced with the intensified restrictions to control the spread of COVID-19, and the impact of the availability of a smart-clothes home nursing program. METHODS: This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews with family caregivers of older PLWDs. Participants were recruited from dementia clinics of a medical center in northern Taiwan from a subset of a sample from a larger study on smart-clothes assisted home nursing care. A total of 12 family caregivers who participated in the original study were interviewed during the follow-up period; seven family caregivers of a PLWD wearing a smart-vest, which transmitted information to a home care nurse; five caregivers of a PLWD not wearing a smart-vest. Interviews were conducted by telephone because the conditions of the pandemic prevented face-to-face interviews. Recorded interviews were transcribed and analyzed using content analysis. RESULTS: Interview data showed family caregivers' felt the care recipient's health was compromised and functional conditions intensified as Covid-19-related pandemic restrictions increased. Specific concerns included a lack social interactions, decreased daily activity levels, loss of interest and lack of motivation for activities, increased mood and behavioral problems, a decline in physical function and an increase in health problems. Family caregivers were also impacted by these restrictions, with significant increases in severity of caregiver role strain, including feeling trapped, a lack of in-home support, profound powerlessness, and worries about the PLWD contracting the coronavirus. The smart-clothes assisted home nursing care program offered supplementary support to family caregivers by providing on-time interactions, helping them manage health problems, enhancing predictability of the care recipient's behaviors, and providing caregivers with emotional support. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study support alternative care such as implementation of technology-assisted home health services to meet caregiver needs to facilitate family caregiving of PLWDs during the necessary restrictions in activities implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Record NCT05063045.

Better nutrition trajectory improves recovery following a hip fracture surgery for older persons with diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Influences of nutritional status on hip fractured persons with diabetes mellitus (DM) following surgery have not been reported. AIMS: To explore the trajectory groups of nutritional status and their influences on post-operative recovery for older persons with hip fracture and DM. METHODS: A total of 169 patients with DM and hip fracture from a clinical trial were included in this analysis. Mini Nutritional Assessment was used to assess the nutritional status of the participants. Outcome variables included self-care ability, muscle strength, depressive symptoms, health related quality of life, and cognitive function, which were collected before discharge and 1-, 3-, 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-months following hospital discharge. RESULTS: Among hip fractured older persons with DM, within two years following surgery there were three nutritional trajectory groups: malnourished (28.3%), at-risk of malnutrition (41.9%) and well-nourished (29.8%). A decline in nutritional status, especially for the malnourished group, was seen in the second year. A better nutritional trajectory was associated with better recovery outcomes, including self-care ability, health related quality of life, cognitive function and less depressive symptoms. DISCUSSION: Close to 30% of hip fractured persons with DM were considered to have a malnourished trajectory over 2 years following surgery. A poor nutritional trajectory was associated with poor mental health and physical recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous nutrition assessment during the first 2 years following hip fracture surgery for older persons with DM is important. Development and implementation of interventions targeting the malnourished trajectory group are suggested.

Smart clothes-assisted home-nursing care program for family caregivers of older persons with dementia and hip fracture: a mixed-methods study.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this preliminary study was to explore whether a smart clothes-assisted home-nursing care program could benefit family caregivers and their care recipients. METHODS: Family caregivers in charge of a care recipient's living situation participated in this convergent parallel, mixed methods study. We recruited older persons with dementia (n = 7) and those discharged following hip-fracture surgery (n = 6) from neurological clinics and surgical wards of a medical center, respectively, along with their family caregivers: three spouses, eight sons, one daughter, and one daughter-in-law. Care recipients were asked to wear a smart vest at least 4 days/week for 6 months, which contained a coin-size monitor hidden in an inner pocket. Sensors installed in bedrooms and living areas received signals from the smart clothing, which were transmitted to a mobile phone app of homecare nurses, who provided caregivers with transmitted information regarding activities, emergency situations and suggestions for caregiving activities. Outcomes included changes from baseline in caregivers' preparedness and depressive symptoms collected at 1- and 3-months, which were analyzed with Friedman's non-parametric test of repeated measures with post-hoc analysis. Transcripts of face-to-face semi-structured interview data about caregivers' experiences were analyzed to identify descriptive, interpretative, and pattern codes. RESULTS: Preparedness did not change from baseline at either 1- or 3-months for family caregivers of persons with dementia. However, depressive symptoms decreased significantly at 1-month and 3-months compared with baseline, but not between 1-months and 3-months. Analysis of the interview data revealed the smart clothes program increased family caregivers' knowledge of the care recipient's situation and condition, informed healthcare providers of the care recipient's physical health and cognitive status, helped homecare nurses provide timely interventions, balanced the care recipient's exercise and safety, motivated recipients to exercise, helped family caregivers balance work and caregiving, and provided guidance for caregiving activities. CONCLUSIONS: Experiences with the smart clothes-assisted home-nursing care program directly benefited family caregivers, which provided indirect benefits to the care recipients due to the timely interventions and caregiving guidance from homecare nurses. These benefits suggest a smart-clothes-assisted program might be beneficial for all family caregivers.

A community-based computerised cognitive training program for older persons with mild dementia: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: Computerised cognitive training programs can improve cognitive function in patients with moderate-to-severe dementia or brain injuries and healthy older adults. However, most previous studies were not randomised controlled trials and did not examine older adults with mild dementia. The current study sought to analyse the effects of a computerised cognitive training program using a randomised controlled trial. METHODS: In a single-blinded randomised clinical trial, 30 older individuals with mild dementia were split into an experimental (n = 15) and a control (n = 15) group to analyse the effects of a computerised cognitive training program. Outcomes were assessed before and after each program session, and 1 and 3 months afterwards. RESULTS: Participants in the experimental group had better overall subjective memory, subjective retrospective memory and global quality of life, with fewer depressive symptoms than those in the control group 3 months following the program. CONCLUSIONS: Our computerised cognitive training program improved subjective memory and quality of life in patients with mild dementia and decreased their depressive symptoms. These results may be useful for health-care providers caring for people with mild dementia.

Perceptions of community dementia friendliness: A cross-sectional study of people with dementia, family caregivers, service providers, and the general public in Taiwan.

Promoting dementia-friendly communities is an important strategy for improving quality of life for people with dementia and dementia-family caregivers. The process of building dementia-friendly communities should include all people living in the community. The objective of this study was to compare perceived dementia friendliness in the community among people with dementia, family caregivers, service providers, and the general public. In Taiwan, we surveyed 60 people with dementia, 140 family caregivers, and 200 members of the general public face to face, with 200 service providers surveyed by mail. Participants completed the Perceived Community Dementia Friendliness measure, consisting of seven subscales: care services, community members, community environment, community interactions, transportation, hospitals, and stores and organisations. This measure has acceptable convergent validity, construct validity, and internal consistency reliability for use in Taiwan. Differences in perceived dementia friendliness were examined by chi-square tests/analysis of variance. Among the seven subscales, hospitals were rated with good dementia friendliness by 70% of people with dementia (n = 42); however, care services were rated poor by 23.3% of people with dementia (n = 14). Hospitals were also rated with good dementia friendliness by 39.2% of family caregivers (n = 54). Care services were rated as having good dementia friendliness by 43.5% of service providers (n = 87) and 47% of the general public (n = 86). Furthermore, community interactions were rated as good by small percentages of family caregivers (11.4%, n = 16), service providers (22.2%, n = 44), and the general public (30.9%, n = 58). Family caregivers, service providers, and the general public rated hospitals with the highest mean dementia-friendliness score and community interactions with the lowest. Perceived community-dementia friendliness among participants with dementia differed from that of participants without. People with dementia prioritised improving care services, while people without dementia rated facilitating community interactions as more vital. These differences provide vital insights into understanding the policies and administration of dementia-friendly communities.

Does physical activity protect older persons with frailty and cognitive impairment from excess all-cause mortality?

OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this study was to examine how physical activity in combination with physical frailty and cognitive impairment affects risk of mortality in older adults. STUDY DESIGN: A national sample of community-dwelling Taiwanese aged 65 years or older (n=2678) was followed for 5 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frailty was determined based on the Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illness, and Loss of weight (FRAIL) scale. The Mini-Mental State Examination was used to assess cognitive impairment. Information on self-reported physical activity was collected at baseline. The study cohort was followed until the date of death or the end of the study period (31 December 2018). Deaths were confirmed by the computerized data files of the National Register of Deaths. RESULTS: A total of 417 deaths were recorded after 12415.2 person-years of follow-up. After adjustment for other factors, compared with active participants who were physically robust with normal cognition, inactive participants who were with either frail/pre-frail or cognitively impaired had hazard ratios for mortality of 2.65 (95% CI=[1.88-3.74]) and 3.09 (95% CI=[2.08-4.59]), respectively. Inactive participants with coexisting frailty/pre-frailty and cognitive impairment had the highest hazard ratio for mortality of 3.85 (95% CI=[2.73-5.45]). Being active was associated with a mortality reduction of 31%, 38%, and 42% in physically robust participants with normal cognition, those who were frail/pre-frail only, and those with cognitive impairment only, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Having a physically active life style has beneficial effects on survival in older persons with either frailty/pre-frailty or cognitive impairment.

A family care model for older persons with hip-fracture and cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Dementia and hip fracture are both associated with substantial disability and mortality. However, few studies have explored the effects of intervention programs on post-operative recovery of older persons with hip fracture and cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a family-centered care model for older persons with hip fracture and cognitive impairment and their family caregivers. DESIGN: Single-blinded clinical trial. SETTING: A 3000-bed medical center in Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS: Older persons hip fracture and cognitive impairment (N = 152); 76 in the intervention group, and 76 in the usual-care control group. METHODS: A family-centered care model consisting of geriatric assessment, discharge planning, in-home rehabilitation, and family caregiver-training for dementia care. Outcomes were assessed 1-, 3-, 6- and 12-months following hospital discharge for older persons with hip fracture and cognitive impairment. Assessed outcomes were self-care ability (performance of activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living), nutritional status, self-rated health, health-related quality of life and self-efficacy, and competence of the family caregivers. RESULTS: Relative to patients who received usual care, those who received the family-centered care intervention had a greater rate of improvement in self-rated health (ß = 1.68, p < .05) and nutritional status (ß = 0.23, p < .05), especially during the first 6 months following hospital discharge. Relative to family caregivers who received usual care, those who received family-centered care had a higher level of competence (ß = 7.97, p < .01), a greater rate of improvement in competence (ß = 0.57, p < .01), and a greater rate of improvement in self-efficacy (ß = 0.74, p < .05) 3 months following hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS: A family-centered care model enhanced family caregivers' self-efficacy and competence but did not improve the physical recovery of the participants with hip fracture and dementia. We suggest adding an educational component to include geriatric assessment, discharge planning, in-home rehabilitation, and family caregiver-training for dementia care and assessing family caregiver outcomes in interventions for older persons with hip fracture and cognitive impairment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03894709) Tweetable abstract: A family-centered care model consisting of geriatric assessment, discharge planning, in-home rehabilitation, and family caregiver-training for dementia care of older persons with hip fracture and cognitive impairment enhanced family caregivers' self-efficacy and competence.

Fluctuating interpretations: Striving to maintain a sense of self in early dementia.

This study aimed to develop a conceptual framework of the experience of persons living with the early stages of dementia. A grounded theory approach examined the experience from the perspective of the patient. Data were collected from dyads of persons with mild dementia and their family caregivers (N = 17) using face-to-face interviews at three timepoints over a one-year period. Transcribed interviews were analyzed with constant comparative analysis. The core category was "Fluctuating interpretations: striving to maintain one's sense of self." Interpretations were comprised of three subcategories: being a stranger to oneself, sense-making, and strategies for coexistence. Different situations influenced the process and affected individuals' attitudes and behaviors. Interpretations were a protective vehicle and stabilizing force that enabled persons with dementia to coexist with disease changes. Perspectives of persons with dementia during the early stages should be considered when designing intervention strategies for patient-centered care.