One-Pot Synthesis of N-H-Free Pyrroles from Aldehydes and Alkynes.

The first base-mediated intermolecular cyclization of arylaldehydes and terminal arylacetylenes for the synthesis of a wide range of pyrroles in a single step has been described. The developed methodology used commercially available starting materials and tolerated a broad range of functional groups affording 2,3,5-triaryl-substituted-1H-pyrroles with good yields (up to 92% yield) under mild conditions. The possible mechanism was also discussed.

Identification of Development and Pathogenicity Related Gene in Botrytis cinerea via Digital Gene Expression Profile.

BACKGROUND: Botrytis cinerea, a haploid Euascomycete fungus that infects numerous crops, has been used as a model system for studying molecular phytopathology. Botrytis cinerea adopts various modes of infection, which are mediated by a number of pathogenicity and virulence-related genes. Many of these genes have not been reported previously. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate development and pathogenicity-related genes between a novel nonpathogenic mutant and the Wild Type (WT) in B. cinerea. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Digital Gene Expression (DGE) tag profiling can reveal novel genes that may be involved in development and pathogenicity of plant pathogen. A large volume of B. cinerea tag-seq was generated to identify differential expressed genes by the Illumina DGE tag profiling technology. RESULTS: A total of 4,182,944 and 4,182,021 clean tags were obtained from the WT and a nonpathogenic mutant stain (BCt89), respectively, and 10,410 differentially expressed genes were identified. In addition, 84 genes were expressed in the WT only while 34 genes were expressed in the mutant only. A total of 664 differentially expressed genes were involved in 91 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathways, including signaling and metabolic pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Expression levels of 1,426 genes were significantly up-regulated in the mutant compared to WT. Furthermore, 301 genes were down-regulated with False Discovery Rates (FDR) of < 0.001 and absolute value of log2 Ratio of ≥ 1.

[Molecular cloning and characterization of calcineurin A in Setosphaeria turcica].

A Setosphaeria turcica gene encoding the catalytic subunit of calcineurin was cloned using degenerated primers corresponding to conserved domains of Ser/Thr protein phosphatases and its complete cDNA (GenBank accession No. EF 407562) was obtained with RACE method. It's validated single copied model by southern hybridization. Furthermore, the CNA inhibitor Cyclosporin A (CsA) exhibited potent antifungal activity against conidial germination and appressorium formation of S. turcica. The inhibition ratio was positively correlated to CsA concentration. However, appressorium formation was more sensitive than conidium germination to the inhibitor at the same concentration. It was suggested that CNA might play an important role in the pathogenicity of S. turcica.