Subject(s)
MicroRNAs/antagonists & inhibitors , Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/metabolism , Smad2 Protein/metabolism , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism , Animals , Cell Proliferation , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Hypertension/prevention & control , Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/prevention & control , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Interleukin-6/metabolism , Lung/metabolism , MicroRNAs/metabolism , Monocrotaline , Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology , Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/chemically induced , Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/pathology , Pulmonary Artery/pathology , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Random Allocation , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Signal Transduction , Smad2 Protein/analysis , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/analysis , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/geneticsABSTRACT
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is main treatment for acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, restenosis caused by PCI-induced injury influences the outcome of patients. Linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, has been reported to ameliorate intimal hyperplasia post vascular injury. The underlying mechanisms by which linagliptin protects against balloon injury are unclear and require to be explored. Herein, Wistar rats with carotid artery balloon injury were given 1, 2 or 3 mg/kg/day linagliprin for 6 weeks. We found that linagliptin attenuated vascular injury-mediated neointima formation in rats without affecting body weight and blood glucose levels. ELISA results indicated that linagliptin significantly reduced overproduction of cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and IL-6 post balloon injury. By detecting the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), we found that linagliptin prevented balloon injury-induced oxidative stress. Additionally, linagliptin decreased the level of Kelch ECH-associating protein 1 (KEAP1) compared with injury group. Results of Western blots and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated that linagliptin augmented nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and its binding ability to target genes in rats with balloon injury. Moreover, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD (P) H quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), two downstream targets of NRF2, were further up-regulated after linagliptin treatment compared with injury group. In conclusion, our data suggest that linagliptin protects carotid artery from balloon injury-induced neointima formation and activates the NRF2 antioxidant pathway.
Subject(s)
Acute Coronary Syndrome/therapy , Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary/adverse effects , Carotid Arteries/metabolism , Carotid Artery Injuries/etiology , Carotid Artery Injuries/prevention & control , Coronary Restenosis/prevention & control , Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Linagliptin/administration & dosage , NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism , Neointima/etiology , Neointima/prevention & control , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Animals , Carotid Artery Injuries/diet therapy , Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism , Coronary Restenosis/drug therapy , Coronary Restenosis/etiology , Cytokines/metabolism , Glutathione Peroxidase/metabolism , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Male , Malondialdehyde/metabolism , Neointima/drug therapy , Neointima/metabolism , Oxidative Stress/genetics , Rats, Wistar , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Up-Regulation/drug effectsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND The objective of the present study was to identify the association between miR-15a-5p and CDKN2B, and their roles in regulating the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). MATERIAL AND METHODS We searched the miRNA database online (www.mirdb.org) and used a luciferase reporter assay system to study the regulatory relationship between miR-15a-5p and CDKN2B. We also conducted real-time PCR and Western blot analysis to study the mRNA and protein expression level of CDKN2B among different patient groups (participants with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and normal controls) or cells treated with scramble control, miR-15a-5p mimics, CDKN2B siRNA, and miR-15a-5p inhibitors. RESULTS We found that CDKN2B was a virtual target of miR-15a-5p with potential binding sites in the 3'UTR of CDKN2B (77-83 bp). We also showed that miR-15a-5p could bind to the CDKN2B 3'UTR, resulting in a significant decrease in luciferase activity compared with the scramble control. Furthermore, we found that the cells isolated from AAA participants showed an over-expression of miR-15a-5p compared to the normal controls, while the CDKN2B mRNA and protein expression level of the AAA group were much lower than the normal control group. Additionally, the expression of CDKN2B mRNA and the protein of the cells transfected with miR-15a-5p mimics and CDKN2B siRNA was downregulated, while the cells showed upregulated expression subsequent to transfection with miR-15a-5p inhibitors compared to the scramble control. CONCLUSIONS The data revealed a negative regulatory role of miR-15a-5p in the apoptosis of smooth muscle cells via targeting CDKN2B, and showed that miR-15a-5p could be a novel therapeutic target of AAA.
