[Prehospital management of acute myocardial infarct in an experimental metropolitan system of medical emergencies]. / Gestione preospedaliera dell'infarto miocardico acuto nell'ambito di un sistema di emergenza medica metropolitano sperimentale.

BACKGROUND: Feasibility, safety and efficacy of prehospital management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and prehospital thrombolysis have been widely demonstrated. On this background, in March 1992 we started up an Emergency Medical Service (EMS)--Servizio per le Emergenze Cardiologiche Territoriali, SECT--aimed to prehospital care of overall cardiac emergencies (CE), including AMI. The Service, operating in the metropolitan area of Turin (130 Km2, 964,000 inhabitants), is based on a properly equipped ambulance, manned with a physician and a nurse, skilled in treatment of CE. METHODS: From March 1992 to December 1994, 5000 missions were performed, 2586 (51.7%) for chest pain, 1383 (53.5%) of presumed cardiac origin. Within the latter group, 426 (30.8%) cases of AMI, 109 (7.9%) cases of suspected AMI and 848 (61.3%) cases of angina were identified and treated. Decision time in AMI patients (pts) was 189.4 +/- 289.5 min (median 73), longer in pts over 70 years and in women. By means of a direct phone line between Emergency Communication System and metropolitan Coronary Care Units (CCU), 303/423 (71.6%) AMI pts, were directly admitted to CCU. Prehospital thrombolysis (PT) was performed in 211/426 pts (49.5%), with delay from symptom onset of 126.8 +/- 106.1 min (median 93). A rtPA "front loaded" regimen was used, with a full heparin and ASA as adjunctive therapy. Exclusion criteria for PT in 215 pts were: age > 75 years in 109 pts (50.7%), delay from symptom onset > 6 hrs in 55 (25.6%), ST depression in 33 (15.3%), contraindications to thrombolysis in 18 (8.4%). Eligibility to PT was 8.1% in chest pain pts and 43.5% in pts with AMI diagnosis at discharge. Another group of 38 pts underwent thrombolysis in hospital, after a review of inclusion criteria, with a longer delay of 231 +/- 184 min (median 150). RESULTS: Out-of-hospital diagnosis was confirmed in 91% of both AMI pts and PT pts, and in 56.7% of suspected AMI pts. Overall complication rate was 32.1%, with similar rates in PT treated pts and not PT treated pts. Prehospital mortality rate was 0.7%. In-hospital mortality rate was 5.2% in PT pts with confirmed AMI, and 16.2% in not PT pts with confirmed AMI. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience confirm efficacy of out-of-hospital management of AMI within an EMS designed to treat overall CE, considering successful treatment of complications and early thrombolysis with reduction of time delay. Inclusion of SECT in the growing up "118" Emergency Medical System raises logistic questions. Process will be completed when the "medical final authority" will submit each intervention to a full evaluation in terms of efficiency and efficacy, and will not only prepare, as now happens, dispatch and intervention protocols.

[Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in an experimental model of the management of cardiologic emergencies in a metropolitan area]. / L'arresto cardiaco extraospedaliero in un modello sperimentale di gestione delle emergenze cardiologiche in un'area metropolitana.

Since March 1992, an emergency medical system--EMS--(Servizio Emergenze Cardiologiche Territoriale, SECT) operates in the metropolitan area of Turin (130, 16 Km2), for a population of 964,000 inhabitants. SECT is based on a mobile intensive care unit, staffed with a physician and a nurse, trained in advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and equipped to treat all cardiac emergencies. According to the "Utstein Style" we report the demographic and clinical features of the patients (pts) suffering Cardiac Arrest (CA) and the impact of SECT on out-of-hospital CA. During 26 months of activity, SECT performed 3,648 missions (most important among these: 457 acute myocardial infarction, 723 angina, 523 arrhythmias, 270 acute heart failure, 154 cardiac arrest), and managed 207 confirmed CA (154 calls for CA, 53 CA occurred after team arrival because of other symptoms). Resuscitation was attempted in 135 pts, in 72 pts medical personnel accerted an irreversible death state. 86% of CA occurred at home. In all cases a cardiac etiology was presumed. All CA were witnessed: 53 by EMS personnel, 82 by lay bystander. In 53 EMS witnessed CA, ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) was showed in 47.2%, asystole in 43.4%, other rhythms (Oth) in 9.4%. Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was obtained in 52.8% pts, 76% in VT/VF Group. 43.4% were admitted alive to intensive care unit (ICU), 68% in VT/VF Group. 37.7% were discharged alive, 64% in VT/VF Group. In 82 lay witnessed CA initial rhythm was VT/VF in 31.7%, asystole in 59.7%, Oth. In 8.6%. CPR was attempted by lay bystander in 28% of cases. ROSC was obtained in 18.3%. CPR was attempted by lay bystander in 28% of cases. ROSC was obtained in 18.3% pts, 42.3% in VT/VF Group. 15.8% were admitted alive to ICU, 34.6% in VT/VF Group. 9.7% pts were discharged alive, 23% in VT/VF Group. Discharged alive rate in lay attempted CPR cases was 17.4%. The collapse-EMS CPR interval was 16 +/- 6.13 min (range 4-29), with a collapse-call receipt interval of 8.57 +/- 5.75 min (range 1-23) and a call receipt-EMS CPR interval of 8.06 +/- 3.56 min (range 2-19). The same intervals are significantly longer in not attempted CPR cases: respectively 26.53 +/- 10.73 min (range 10-65) -p < 0.001-, 19.29 +/- 11.3 min (range 5-60) -p < 0.001- and 8.26 +/- 3.96 (range 3-25) -p = NS-. Although far from the international effectiveness standards, SECT seemed to improve the out-of-hospital CA prognosis. High rate of CA occurred at home, time delay in early access link, better trend in survival in lay bystander attempted CPR cases and lack in early defibrillation lead to strategies for system improvement through targeted CPR training as well as semiautomatic external defibrillators introduction.

Pulmonary embolism due to compression of the inferior vena cava by a hepatic hemangioma.

We describe a 35-year-old man who had a pulmonary embolism with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava, apparently resulting from compression by a hepatic hemangioma. The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was confirmed by pulmonary angiography; however, the hemangioma was detected only incidentally, as a hyperechoic mass, during an echocardiogram for intracardiac thrombosis. Abdominal sonography, computed tomography, celiac angiography, technetium 99m-labeled red blood cell scintigraphy, and ultrasound-guided liver biopsy all assisted in the diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma and its compression of the inferior vena cava. Because of the multisegmental and perihilar involvement of the tumor, surgery was not performed. For dissolution of the clots, the patient was given thrombolytic therapy followed by heparin administration. He was then placed on long-term warfarin therapy and is well after 5 years; the size of the hemangioma is unchanged. Cases of pulmonary embolism due to diseases of the upper abdominal organs are rare and probably underestimated. This case stresses the need for a systematic investigation of the abdomen when a pulmonary embolism is present without evidence of deep vein thrombosis.

Effects of laser sources (argon, Nd:YAG, CO2) on the elastic resistance of the vessel wall: histological and physical study.

The function of elastic elements of the vessel wall is to produce a tension suitable to resist the distension strength made by blood pressure. By producing a modification in the morphologic and structural configuration of such elastic elements, it is possible to obtain changes of the elastic resistance of the wall. The paper reports the histological and physical modifications of blood vessel walls irradiated with different laser sources.