ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus infection in major cities of Pakistan. SETTING: Various laboratories of the country with one as the central Laboratory. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven hundred and ninety two consecutive clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were collected from 8 laboratories all over Pakistan i.e. Karachi, Peshawar, Lahore, Sukkhur, Islamabad, Quetta, and Mirpur, Azad Kashmir. Antibiotic sensitivity was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and MIC of Vancomycin was determined by 'E' test. RESULTS: Forty two percent of the isolates were found to be Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) while no Vancomycin resistance was encountered. CONCLUSION: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are seen in the local population with frequencies varying between 2-61% highest incidence is seen in the major cities of the country. Fortunately no Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus has been isolated from any of the major cities.
Subject(s)
Methicillin Resistance , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Vancomycin/pharmacology , Developing Countries , Humans , Incidence , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Pakistan/epidemiology , Prospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Salivary gland calculi account for the most common disease of the salivary glands. The majority of sialoliths occur in the submandibular gland or its duct and are a common cause of acute and chronic infections. This case report describes a patient presenting with an unusually large submandibular gland sialolith, the subsequent patient management, the aetiology, diagnosis and various treatment modalities available for management of salivary gland calculi depending on their site and size.
Subject(s)
Salivary Ducts/pathology , Salivary Gland Calculi/pathology , Submandibular Gland Diseases/pathology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Middle AgedABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the antimicrobial activity of Cefaclor against common respiratory tract pathogens isolated from patients in Pakistan. SETTING: Department of Microbiology, Liaquat National Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. METHOD: A laboratory analysis was done on 466 isolates of respiratory tract pathogens collected from 13 laboratories from all over Pakistan. Antibiotic sensitivity test was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and MIC of Cefaclor was determined by 'E' test. RESULT: Of the 163 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 87 Moraxella catarrhalis and 216 Haemophilus influenzae > 95% isolates were susceptible to Cefaclor. The MIC 90 of all these pathogens were < 2 ug. CONCLUSION: Resistance of respiratory tract pathogens to the 2nd generation Cephalosporin, Cefaclor is very low. MIC 90 of Cefaclor against all three common respiratory tract pathogens is < 2 ug, which indicates that Cefaclor would be effective in more than 90% of cases infected with these bacteria.
Subject(s)
Cefaclor/pharmacology , Cephalosporins/pharmacology , Haemophilus influenzae/drug effects , Moraxella catarrhalis/drug effects , Streptococcus pneumoniae/drug effects , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Respiratory Tract Infections/drug therapyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy, safety of cefaclor for the treatment of pharyngotonsillitis in Pakistani children. METHOD: Pakistani children between the ages of two to twelve years and diagnosed with pharyngotonsillitis were eligible to participate in the study. Cefaclor was administered three times daily for a total dose of 20-40 mg/kg/day, depending on the severity of the infection, for 7 days. Patients were evaluated on the basis of symptomatic response and antibiotic susceptibility pattern as a result of bacteriological examination. RESULTS: Based on observed pre-therapy signs/symptoms of infection with pharyngotonsillitis, 99% of patients (95% CI=94.9% to 100.0%) were reported as having a symptomatic response of Cure or Improvement by end of study. Group A b-haemolytic Streptococci was the most prevalent pathogen isolated pre-therapy (occurring in 45% of patients). Of all patients for whom this pathogen was isolated, 64% had complete eradication by end of therapy, while there was persistence or superinfection in 36% of patients. Only 9 occurrences of non-serious adverse events were observed among 7 of the 107 patients, including diarrhea (5), nausea (1), vomiting (1), rash (1) and stomatitis (1). CONCLUSION: Based on the high symptomatic response rate of 99% and the positive safety data, cefaclor was found to be effective and safe in treating Pakistani children with pharyngotonsillitis.
