ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Literature evaluating intraoperative temperature/humidity and risk of surgical site infection (SSI) is lacking. METHODS: All operations at three centers reported to the ACS-NSQIP were reviewed (2016-2020); ambient intraoperative temperature (°F) and relative humidity (RH) were recorded in 15-min intervals. The primary endpoint was superficial SSI, which was evaluated with multi-level logistic regression. RESULTS: 14,519 operations were analyzed with 179 SSIs (1.2%). The lower/upper 10th percentiles for temperature and RH were 64.4/71.4 °F and 33.5/55.5% respectively. Low or high temperature carried no significant increased risk for SSI (Low °F OR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.51-1.77, P = 0.86; High °F OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.69-1.86, P = 0.63). This was also true for low and high RH (Low RH OR = 0.96, 95% CI 0.58-1.61, p = 0.88; High RH OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.33-1.14, P = 0.12). Analysis of combined temperature/humidity showed no increased risk for SSI. CONCLUSION: Significant deviations in intraoperative temperature/humidity are not associated with increased risk of SSI.
Subject(s)
Operating Rooms , Surgical Wound Infection , Humans , Surgical Wound Infection/epidemiology , Surgical Wound Infection/etiology , Humidity , Temperature , Logistic Models , Risk Factors , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Three-dimensional (3D) nipple-areolar tattoo is a novel approach to nipple-areolar complex reconstruction for which little data exist. Our aim was to evaluate 3D nipple-areolar tattoo outcomes and investigate if patient factors, payer status, surgeries, or therapies affect tattoo utilization. METHODS: Patients pursuing skin-sparing (SSM) or attempted nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) with breast reconstruction from 2008 to 2019 were reviewed. Outcomes included frequency of 3D tattoo, post-procedure complications (infections, or other local adverse sequelae), and rates, indications, and timing of revisions. Patient factors, payer status, surgeries, and adjuvant therapies underwent univariate analysis comparing rates of 3D tattoo and revisions. RESULTS: A total of 191 patients were identified; median follow-up was 4 years. The majority of patients were white (165, 86%), married (146, 76%), and post-menopausal (97, 51%), with private insurance (156, 81%). Surgeries included SSM (172, 90%) or attempted NSM (19, 10%) with implant (154, 81%) or autologous reconstruction (37, 19%). Sixty-two patients (32%) underwent 3D nipple-areolar tattooing. No post-procedure complications occurred. After tattooing, 20 patients (32%) pursued revisions, the majority due to color fading (12, 60%). Average time from tattoo to completion of revisions was 5.6 months. Patients undergoing autologous reconstruction had a higher rate of 3D tattooing (p < 0.001). Adjuvant radiation led to a higher rate of revisions (p = 0.02). Patient factors, payer status, index mastectomy, and chemotherapy did not significantly affect rates of 3D tattooing or revisions. CONCLUSIONS: 3D nipple-areolar tattoo utilization is likely unaffected by age, marriage, menopause, or payer status. Radiotherapy and color fading can lead to more revisions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
