ABSTRACT
La literatura ha encontrado que las necesidades no-criminogénicas también son un factor de riesgo de delincuencia juvenil y, por tanto, han de ser objeto de intervención. Se diseñó un estudio de campo con el objetivo de conocer si el ajuste individual, social y psicológico (necesidades no-criminogénicas) difieren entre menores infractores, menores de protección y normalizados. Para ello se evaluó a 450 adolescentes (150 menores de reforma, 150 de protección y 150 normalizados) en el ajuste individual, social y psicológico. Los resultados mostraron un efecto significativo en el ajuste individual, social y psicológico para el factor población. Sucintamente, los menores de protección y reforma manifestaron un mayor desajuste individual en los niveles personal y familiar que los normalizados, y, adicionalmente, los de reforma a nivel social. Asimismo, los menores de protección e infractores exhibieron un mayor desajuste social consistente en más retraimiento social, ansiedad social/timidez y liderazgo que los normalizados, y los menores infractores un menor ajuste social en la consideración hacia los demás que los normalizados. En el ajuste psicológico, los menores de reforma y protección informaron de más sintomatología obsesivo-compulsiva, de sensibilidad interpersonal, depresiva, de hostilidad, de ansiedad-fóbica y psicótica que los normalizados, y los de protección más somática, ansiosa (generalizada) y paranoide que los normalizados. Se cuantificaron los déficits en estas dimensiones para estimar la magnitud de las necesidades. Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas de los resultados y para el diseño de programas de prevención de la delincuencia y de recaídas
Literature has found that non-criminogenic needs also are a juvenile delinquency risk factor and, consequently, should be target of intervention. With the aim of knowing if individual, social and psychological adjustment differ between juvenile offenders and foster care adolescents with normal adolescents was designed. A total of 450 adolescents (150 juvenile offenders, 150 foster care adolescents, and 150 normal adolescents) were evaluated in individual, social and psychological adjustment. The results showed a significant effect in the individual, social and psychological adjustment for the population factor. Succinctly, juvenile offenders and foster care adolescents displayed a higher individual maladjustment in the personal and family level than normal adolescents, and, additionally, juvenile offenders in the social level. Likewise, juvenile offenders and foster care adolescents exhibited a higher social maladjustment consisting in more social withdrawal, social anxiety/shyness, and leadership than normal adolescents; and juvenile offenders revealed less consideration for others than normal adolescents. In psychological adjustment, juvenile offenders and foster care adolescents reported more obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, hostile, phobic-anxiety, and psychotic symptomology than normal adolescent; and foster care adolescent more somatic, anxiety (generalized) and paranoid symptoms than normal adolescents. The deficits in these needs were quantified as to estimate the magnitude of the intervention. Theoretical and practical implications for intervention of the results are discussed
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Young Adult , Social Adjustment , Adaptation, Psychological , Juvenile Delinquency/psychology , Criminals/psychology , Needs Assessment/statistics & numerical data , Juvenile Delinquency/statistics & numerical data , Criminals/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Multivariate Analysis , Socioeconomic Factors , ColombiaABSTRACT
La oferta de los servicios ecosistémicos (SE) depende, en gran medida, de la intervención de las familias productoras en sus fincas. Con el objetivo de identificar la percepción de la oferta de 15 SE en sistemas de uso agropecuario y forestal en la zona seca del norte del Tolima, se realizaron 40 encuestas semi-estructuradas a productores agropecuarios locales. La información fue analizada empleando la escala de Likert: 0 a 10 (de menor a mayor). Los productores le dan una alta importancia a los SE, aunque realizan pocas prácticas para mantener o incrementar su oferta. La provisión de agua es el SE más importante que los productores identifican para el manejo de sus cultivos, pero indican que este servicio se afecta negativamente por la intensificación de uso agropecuario y la poca protección de zonas de recarga. Los productores han detectado un aumento de temperatura en la zona en los últimos años y se sienten vulnerables ante el cambio climático y la poca regulación del agua. De la misma forma, se evidencia el nulo conocimiento sobre la huella de carbono de estos sistemas de producción; sin embargo, luego de explicarles el concepto, los productores están interesados en conocer la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero y la fijación de carbono de sus fincas. Lo encontrado en este estudio es importante para generar conciencia ambiental en los productores agropecuarios, promover usos sostenibles y decisiones que impulsen la generación de SE. El estudio muestra que es necesario el diseño de políticas que mejoren la regulación del ciclo hidrológico y contribuyan con programas de reforestación del bosque seco tropical.
The offer of ecosystem services (ES) depends, to a large extent, on the intervention of the producer families on their farms. With the aim of identifying the perception of offer of ecosystem services (ES) in agricultural and forestry use systems in the dry zone of north Tolima, 40 semi-structured surveys were carried out to local agricultural producers. The information was analyzed using the Likert scale: 0 to 10 (from lowest to highest). Producers attach high importance to ESs, although they do little to maintain or increase their supply. Water supply is the most important SE that the producers identify for the management of their crops, but they indicate that this service is negatively affected by the intensification of agricultural use and the poor protection of recharge zones. Producers have detected a temperature rise in the area in recent years and they feel vulnerable to climate change and poor water regulation. In the same way, the lack of knowledge about the carbon footprint of these production systems is also evident. However, after explaining the concept, producers are interested in knowing the emission of greenhouse gases and carbon fixation on their farms. The findings of this study are important to generate environmental awareness in agricultural producers, to encourage sustainable practices and decisions that promote ES. This study shows that the design of policies to improve water regulation and to contribute to reforestation programs for the dry forests is necesary.
Subject(s)
Crop Production , Animal Husbandry , Social VulnerabilityABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Smell tests for clinical use have been developed in different countries, but no single test has gained general acceptance. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the smell outcomes in a Spanish population. METHODS: A prospective study on healthy volunteers (n = 120) without olfactory disturbances was performed. The volunteers were differentiated by gender, age, and smoking habit groups. We used a new olfactory test, the Barcelona Smell Test 24 (BAST-24) that consists of 24 odours scoring smell detection, identification, and forced choice. RESULTS: Volunteers showed the highest scores on smell detection for both 1st (99%) and 5th cranial nerve (98%) odours. Spontaneous smell identification (54.7% and 59.3%) and forced choice (72.2% and 42.6%) scores were lower than those of smell detection, for both 1st and 5th cranial nerves respectively. On smell identification, volunteers scored higher in the left than in the right nostril. Females had better smell identification for both 1st and 5th cranial nerves (62.8%, 66.7%) than males (50.3%, 58.8%). Non-smokers had higher scores (65%) than smokers (59%) on smell identification for the 5th CN. CONCLUSIONS: For smell identification, females, non-smokers, and left nostril had higher scores than males, smokers, and right nostril respectively. BAST-24 is a good and reliable method to test the olfactory function in the clinical practice.
Subject(s)
Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis , Smell , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Odorants , Olfactory Nerve/physiology , Reference Values , Smell/physiology , Smoking/physiopathology , Spain , Trigeminal Nerve/physiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the results of the Hybrid Capture II (HCII) assay for detecting high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (H-SIL) or cervical carcinoma can be improved by increasing the relative light units (RLU) level. STUDY DESIGN: We included 2271 women (mean age 38.7 +/- 12.3, range 15-92) referred to a colposcopic clinic due to cytology of atypical cells of unknown significance, SIL or carcinoma. All women underwent a new Pap test, HR-HPV detection using HCII and colposcopy with biopsy of suspicious areas when present. RESULTS: HR-HPV was detected in 91.7% of carcinomas, 96.6% of H-SIL, 85.1% of low-grade SIL and 21.6% of cases with no lesion. The probability of harboring an H-SIL or a carcinoma significantly increased as RLU increased (P = 0.01). The sensitivity and specificity for H-SIL or carcinoma at different cutoffs were 95.7 and 54.6 at 1 RLU, 93.9 and 59.6 at 2 RLU, 90.1 and 65.1 at 5 RLU and 85.7 and 68.7 at 10 RLU. The percentage of cases not detected with HCII increased from 2.4% for cases with <1 RLU to 9.5% for cases between 1 and 2 RLU, 14.8% between 2 and 3 RLU, 21.7% between 3 and 5 RLU and 28.4% between 5 and 10 RLU. CONCLUSION: The use of a higher cutoff (higher viral load) in the HCII should not be recommended because it significantly increases the number of cases with H-SIL or carcinoma not detected, reducing the sensitivity and negative predictive value of the test.
