The double task of preventing malnutrition and overweight: a quasi-experimental community-based trial.

BACKGROUND: The Maternal-Child Pastoral is a volunteer-based community organization of the Dominican Republic that works with families to improve child survival and development. A program that promotes key practices of maternal and child care through meetings with pregnant women and home visits to promote child growth and development was designed and implemented. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the program on nutritional status indicators of children in the first two years of age. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design was used, with groups paired according to a socioeconomic index, comparing eight geographical areas of intervention with eight control areas. The intervention was carried out by lay health volunteers. Mothers in the intervention areas received home visits each month and participated in a group activity held biweekly during pregnancy and monthly after birth. The primary outcomes were length and body mass index for age. Statistical analyses were based on linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS: 196 children in the intervention group and 263 in the control group were evaluated. The intervention did not show statistically significant effects on length, but point estimates found were in the desired direction: mean difference 0.21 (95%CI -0.02; 0.44) for length-for-age Z-score and OR 0.50 (95%CI 0.22; 1.10) for stunting. Significant reductions of BMI-for-age Z-score (-0.31, 95%CI -0.49; -0.12) and of BMI-for-age > 85th percentile (0.43, 95%CI 0.23; 0.77) were observed. The intervention showed positive effects in some indicators of intermediary factors such as growth monitoring, health promotion activities, micronutrient supplementation, exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding. CONCLUSIONS: Despite finding effect measures pointing to effects in the desired direction related to malnutrition, we could only detect a reduction in the risk of overweight attributable to the intervention. The findings related to obesity prevention may be of interest in the context of the nutritional transition. Given the size of this study, the results are encouraging and we believe a larger study is warranted.

Exploring oral health and childhood obesity in children from the shantytowns of São Paulo / Explorando a saúde bucal e a obesidade infantil em crianças de favelas de São Paulo - obesidade e cárie dentária

Objective: To measure the relationship between childhood obesity and dental caries in preschool children, by means of two anthropometric growth curves. Methods: A cross-sectional study of caries was conducted in 119 children in the age range from 3 to 5 years, resident in shantytowns in São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Clinical oral exams, nutritional evaluation and record of frequency of food, behavioral and social data collection were performed. For dental caries the dft index (carious and filled teeth) was used. In the nutritional evaluation, the National Center of Health Statistics - NCHS classification was used, and World Health Organization - WHO reference with regard to dietary intake, the frequency of food record was used. To evaluate the data, logistic regression analysis was used. Results: Obese children presented a high prevalence of dental caries of 81%, higher than the other groups, when evaluated by the NCHS criteria, and for this parameter they presented Prevalence Ratio - PR of 1.23 IC 95% (1.00 - 1.50) for dental caries, frequency of food PR 0.94 IC 95% (0.76 - 1.17), maternal schooling PR 1.07 IC 95% (0.81- 1.40) and visits to the dentist PR 1.03 IC 95% (0.78-1.37). Conclusions: For the NCHS criterion there was association of dental caries with obesity, irrespective of the other factors evaluated. No association was found when evaluated by the WHO. Caution is needed on the decision about the method for nutritional diagnosis.

Objetivo: medir à relação entre a obesidade infantil e a cárie dentária em pré-escolares, através de duas curvas antropométricas de crescimento. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal de cárie em 119 crianças na faixa etária de 3 a 5 anos, residentes em favelas de São Paulo, SP. Foram efetuados exames clínicos bucais, avaliação nutricional e o registro de frequência de alimentos, coleta de dados comportamentais e sociais. Para cárie dentária foi utilizado o índice ceo-d (dentes cariados, extraídos e obturados), na avaliação nutricional, a classificação da National Center of Health Statistic - NCHS, e a referência da World Health Organization - WHO, em relação à dieta alimentar, utilizou-se o registro de frequência de alimentos. Para avaliar os dados, utilizou-se a análise de regressão logística. Resultados: As crianças obesas apresentaram uma prevalência alta da cárie dentária de 81%, maior que os demais grupos, quando avaliados pelo critério do NCHS e para este parâmetro elas apresentaram Razão de Prevalência - RP 1,23 IC 95% (1,00 - 1,50) para cárie dentária, frequência de alimentos RP 0,94 IC 95% (0,76 - 1,17), escolaridade maternal RP 1,07 IC 95% (0,81 - 1,40) e visita ao dentista RP 1,03 IC 95% (0,78-1,37). Conclusões: Para o critério do NCHS houve associação da cárie dentária e a obesidade, independente dos demais fatores avaliados. Não foi encontrada nenhuma associação quando avaliados pelo WHO. É necessário cautela na decisão do método para o diagnóstico nutricional.

Eating attitudes and body image in ethnic Japanese and Caucasian adolescent girls in the city of São Paulo, Brazil / Atitudes alimentares e imagem corporal em meninas adolescentes de ascendência nipônica e caucasiana em São Paulo (SP)

OBJETIVO: Há muita controvérsia nos estudos que analisam a relação entre etnia e transtornos alimentares a despeito do rápido aumento desses distúrbios em diversos grupos étnicos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar as atitudes alimentares em adolescentes de ascendência nipônica e caucasiana no Brasil. A influência do índice de massa corporal (IMC), da menarca e das relações socioafetivas no desenvolvimento dos transtornos alimentares também foi discutida. MÉTODOS: Questionários sobre atitudes alimentares e influências socioafetivas foram aplicados a 544 adolescentes de origem nipo-brasileira e caucasiana: adolescentes pré-menarca de 10 e 11 anos nipo-brasileiras (n = 122) e caucasianas (n = 176) e adolescentes pós-menarca de 16 e 17 anos nipo-brasileiras (n = 71) e caucasianas (n = 175). RESULTADOS: Adolescentes caucasianas apresentaram maiores escores no Teste de Atitudes Alimentares (EAT-26), mostraram maior insatisfação com suas imagens corporais, faziam mais dieta e tinham mais modelos de dietas representados pelas mães e pares do que as adolescentes nipo-brasileiras. CONCLUSÃO: As adolescentes caucasianas, de um modo geral, parecem sentir mais as pressões culturais e estéticas sobre a imagem corporal do que as nipônicas. A frequência alta de meninas caucasianas pré-menarca com escore acima de 20 no EAT-26 mostra que a preocupação com a imagem corporal vem ocorrendo cada vez mais cedo. A análise de regressão múltipla revelou muitas associações entre a interação das adolescentes com suas mães e o desenvolvimento de atitudes alimentares inadequadas.

OBJECTIVE: Despite investigations into the rapid increase in eating disorders across diverse ethnic groups, conclusions concerning ethnicity and eating disorders are contradictory. The objective of the present study was to investigate eating attitudes in ethnic Japanese and Caucasian adolescents in Brazil. The influence of body mass index (BMI), menarche and social-affective relationships on the development of eating disorders was also assessed. METHODS: Questionnaires evaluating the incidence of eating disorders and the influence of social-affective relationships were applied to 544 Japanese-Brazilian and Caucasian adolescent girls: 10 to 11-year-old Japanese-Brazilian (n = 122) and Caucasian (n = 176) pre-menarcheal adolescents, and 16 to 17-year-old Japanese-Brazilian (n = 71) and Caucasian (n = 175) post-menarcheal adolescents. RESULTS: Caucasian girls obtained higher scores on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), showed greater body image dissatisfaction, dieted more often and had more diet models introduced by their mothers and peers than the Japanese-Brazilian girls. CONCLUSION: The Caucasian adolescents overall appeared to be more sensitive to aesthetic and social pressures regarding body image than the Japanese adolescents. The high incidence of EAT-26 scores above 20 in the Caucasian pre-menarcheal group indicates that individual body image concerns are developing at an earlier age. Multiple logistic regression revealed several associations between mother-teen interactions and the development of abnormal eating attitudes.

Eating attitudes and body image in ethnic Japanese and Caucasian adolescent girls in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: Despite investigations into the rapid increase in eating disorders across diverse ethnic groups, conclusions concerning ethnicity and eating disorders are contradictory. The objective of the present study was to investigate eating attitudes in ethnic Japanese and Caucasian adolescents in Brazil. The influence of body mass index (BMI), menarche and social-affective relationships on the development of eating disorders was also assessed. METHODS: Questionnaires evaluating the incidence of eating disorders and the influence of social-affective relationships were applied to 544 Japanese-Brazilian and Caucasian adolescent girls: 10 to 11-year-old Japanese-Brazilian (n = 122) and Caucasian (n = 176) pre-menarcheal adolescents, and 16 to 17-year-old Japanese-Brazilian (n = 71) and Caucasian (n = 175) post-menarcheal adolescents. RESULTS: Caucasian girls obtained higher scores on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), showed greater body image dissatisfaction, dieted more often and had more diet models introduced by their mothers and peers than the Japanese-Brazilian girls. CONCLUSION The Caucasian adolescents overall appeared to be more sensitive to aesthetic and social pressures regarding body image than the Japanese adolescents. The high incidence of EAT-26 scores above 20 in the Caucasian pre-menarcheal group indicates that individual body image concerns are developing at an earlier age. Multiple logistic regression revealed several associations between mother-teen interactions and the development of abnormal eating attitudes.

Growth in non-anemic infants supplemented with different prophylactic iron doses.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of different prophylactic iron doses on the growth and nutritional status of non-anemic infants. METHODS: Prospective randomized study. Infants aged 5.0 to 6.9 months who met the inclusion criteria and showed capillary hemoglobin >or= 11 g/dL were randomly allocated into three groups who received the following prophylactic doses of iron supplement (ferrous sulfate): 1 mg/kg/day (n = 39); 2 mg/kg/day (n = 36); and 25 mg/week (n = 39). This supplementation was given during 16 weeks. Both weight and length were measured. The nutritional status was evaluated by comparing z scores for weight/age, length/age and weight/length based on the World Health Organization (2006) references. Morbidity information was collected during monthly visits. RESULTS: The groups showed similar nutritional status before supplementation. There were no differences in daily nutrient intake among groups. During the study, weight and length gain, and increments in anthropometric indices did not differ statistically among supplemented groups. The occurrence and duration of morbidity episodes did not differ statistically among groups. In general, improvements were observed in both weight/age and weight/length indices in the population under study, whereas length/age showed no differences before and after supplementation. CONCLUSION: Different prophylactic iron doses had no different effects on the growth and nutritional status of non-anemic infants.

Crescimento de lactentes não-anêmicos suplementados com diferentes doses profiláticas de ferro / Growth in non-anemic infants supplemented with different prophylactic iron doses

OBJETIVO: Comparar os efeitos de diferentes doses profiláticas de ferro sobre o crescimento e estado nutricional de lactentes não-anêmicos. MÉTODOS: Estudo do tipo prospectivo e randomizado. Lactentes de 5,0 a 6,9 meses de vida que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e apresentaram hemoglobina capilar ≥ 11 g/dL foram alocados randomicamente em três grupos com doses profiláticas de suplemento de ferro (sulfato ferroso) de 1 mg/kg/dia (n = 39), 2 mg/kg/dia (n = 36) e 25 mg/semana (n = 39). A suplementação durou 16 semanas. Foram avaliados peso e comprimento. O estado nutricional foi avaliado por meio dos escores z do peso/idade, comprimento/idade e peso/comprimento com base na referência da Organização Mundial da Saúde (2006). Os dados de morbidade foram obtidos durante as visitas mensais. RESULTADOS: Antes da suplementação, os grupos apresentaram similar estado nutricional. Não houve diferença entre os grupos na ingestão diária de nutrientes. Durante o estudo, o ganho de peso, o ganho de comprimento e os incrementos nos índices antropométricos não diferiram estatisticamente entre os grupos suplementados. A ocorrência e duração dos episódios de morbidade não diferiram estatisticamente entre os grupos. De modo geral, observaram-se melhorias nos índices peso/idade e peso/comprimento na população estudada, porém o comprimento/idade não apresentou diferenças antes e após a suplementação. CONCLUSÃO: As diferentes doses profiláticas de ferro não exerceram efeito diferenciado sobre o crescimento e estado nutricional dos lactentes não-anêmicos.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of different prophylactic iron doses on the growth and nutritional status of non-anemic infants. METHODS: Prospective randomized study. Infants aged 5.0 to 6.9 months who met the inclusion criteria and showed capillary hemoglobin ≥ 11 g/dL were randomly allocated into three groups who received the following prophylactic doses of iron supplement (ferrous sulfate): 1 mg/kg/day (n = 39); 2 mg/kg/day (n = 36); and 25 mg/week (n = 39). This supplementation was given during 16 weeks. Both weight and length were measured. The nutritional status was evaluated by comparing z scores for weight/age, length/age and weight/length based on the World Health Organization (2006) references. Morbidity information was collected during monthly visits. RESULTS: The groups showed similar nutritional status before supplementation. There were no differences in daily nutrient intake among groups. During the study, weight and length gain, and increments in anthropometric indices did not differ statistically among supplemented groups either. The occurrence and duration of morbidity episodes did not differ statistically among groups. In general, improvements were observed in both weight/age and weight/length indices in the population under study, whereas length/age showed no differences before and after supplementation. CONCLUSION: Different prophylactic iron doses had no different effects on the growth and nutritional status of non-anemic infants.

Impact of nutrition support teams on hospitals' nutritional support in the largest South American city and its metropolitan area.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the practice of nutritional therapy (NT) by NT multiprofessional teams (NTMTs) in hospitals of the São Paulo metropolitan region to verify its adequacy in meeting the legislation that regulates NT in Brazil. METHODS: This was an open prospective study using active research through an inquiry with a multiple-choice, directed, and descriptive questionnaire, which was evaluated using EPI Info 6.04. Data were presented as median and 25th and 75th percentiles and compared according to the considered outcome. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Of 119 evaluated hospitals in the São Paulo metropolitan region, 84 were located in the city itself and 35 in the surrounding cities. There were 52 hospitals with NTMTs: 35 in the city of São Paulo and 13 in the other cities. No significant statistical differences were found when comparing the hospitals according to size (small, average, large, and specialized) and to the presence of a NTMT. We observed that the philanthropic institutions presented a significantly higher frequency of NTMTs presence. The private, academic, and public hospitals did not present significant differences with regard to the presence of NTMTs. CONCLUSION: The number of NTMTs in the hospitals of the São Paulo metropolitan area is below the requirement established by law; the existence of a NTMT is more frequent in medium and large hospitals; the purchase of the necessary supplies and equipment for the NT practice is more adequate in hospitals with non-public reimbursement; the NTMTs in non-public hospitals were found to be more competent than those in public hospitals in implementing enteral and parenteral nutrition; private hospitals offer better conditions for professional growth for a NTMT staff compared with public hospitals.

Anthropometry and body composition in ethnic Japanese and Caucasian adolescent boys.

BACKGROUND: The effect of environmental conditions on development, including growth, maturation and the fulfillment of genetic potential, can be identified through the study of the variations found among different ethnic groups in the same population. The objectives of the present study were: (i) to compare the various anthropometric and body composition parameters based on ethnicity and maturation stage in 31 Japanese and 99 Caucasian prepubescent boys and 50 Japanese and 98 Caucasian post-pubescent boys; and (ii) to assess body mass index (BMI) and its relationship with other methods of body fat evaluation. METHODS: The percentage of body fat was measured using bioelectrical impedance, near-infrared interactance and Slaughter cutaneous skinfold equations. RESULTS: Weight and height were statistically lower for the Japanese than the Caucasian subjects. There were no differences in body fat between the ethnic groups, but the Japanese subjects had statistically lower levels of fat-free mass. The gain in fat-free mass and the loss in body fat when attaining maturation were greater in the Caucasian subjects. The agreement of BMI with other methods was good in all of the groups but lower for the Japanese than for the Caucasian subjects. CONCLUSION: Height and weight differences between the ethnic groups indicated distinct genetic potential ranges. The body fat mass did not differ between the ethnic groups, but the degree of changes when attaining maturation in the Caucasian subjects was greater. If this difference were to be maintained between the groups then years later there would be a greater accumulation of fat in the Japanese subjects.

Gravidez na adolescência: resultados obstétricos e neonatais / Adolescent pregnancy: obstetric and neonatal outcomes

OBJETIVO: Verificar se houve diferenças nos resultados obstétricos e neonatais de três grupos de gestantes adolescentes atendidas em Hospital Assistencial na Região Sul de São Paulo. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram estudados, retrospectivamente, os resultados obstétricos e neonatais de gestantes assim divididas: Grupo I: 10 gestantes de 13 a 15 anos incompletos; Grupo II: 80 gestantes de 15 a 17 anos incompletos; Grupo III: 256 gestantes de 17 a 20 anos incompletos. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes nos resultados entre os grupos estudados. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados sugerem que os malefícios advindos da gestação na adolescência parecem ser principalmente de ordem psíquica e social; do ponto de vista biológico, não parece haver diferenças significantes nos resultados obstétricos e neonatais

Risks of anemia in infants according to dietary iron density and weight gain rate.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the study was to identify risk factors of infant anemia and to assess a new indirect method to identify the risks of anemia using a probability curve based on dietary iron density and weight gain rate. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 110 term infants in a public health unit in Goiania, Brazil. A socioeconomic, demographic, anthropometric survey and dietary assessment were performed. Hemoglobin, red blood cell distribution width (RDW), ferritin, and C-reactive protein were determined. RESULTS: The risk factors identified by final adjusted logistic regression were male infants (OR = 2.38), infants whose mothers were housewives (OR = 5.01), and households with more than three members (OR = 3.08). Another risk factor was the introduction of meat after 6 months (OR = 3.3). There was a positive dose-response effect between milk consumption and prevalence of anemia adjusted for sex and age (Effect = 0.120; 95% CI: 0.015, 0.225). Dietary iron density (from 6 to 9 months) and weight gain rate (from 9 to 12 months) significantly affected the probability of the infant having anemia. CONCLUSIONS: The probability curve for anemia obtained from dietary iron density and weight gain rate can be used to identify the risks of anemia, and together with the risk factors identified are important for anemia prevention programs.

Anemia do lactente: etiologia e prevalência / Anemia in infancy: etiology and prevalence

Objetivos: verificar a prevalênciade anemia, anemia ferropriva e deficiência de ferro em lactentes, de unidade pública de saúde, no município de Goiânia, Brasil, analisar e correlacionar as variáveis bioquímicas e hematológicas.Métodos: realizou-se estudo transversal. De 120 mães entrevistadas, foram incluídos 1101actentesde6a 12 meses de idade, a termo e não gemelares. Dados socioeconômicos e hematológicos foram obtidos. Colheu-se sangue venoso dos lactentes em jejum para realização do hemograma completo por contagem eletrônica, ferrosérico, ferritinaséricae proteína C-reativa, os quais foram utilizados na avaliação da etiologia ferropriva nos anêmicos. Crianças com hemoglobina < llg/dl foram consideradas anêmicas.Resultados: a prevalência de anemia observada foi de 60,9por cento.Ao se considerar no diagnóstico da etiologia ferropriva nos lactentes sem processo inflamatório, a alteração da hemoglobina mais dois índices entre volume corpuscular médio (VCM), ou hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM), ou ferritina, ou ferro sérico, a prevalência de etiologia ferropriva foi de 87por cento. Porém, ao se incluir nos índices a amplitude de distribuição dos eritrócitos (RDW), a prevalência foi de 97,8por cento. Nos não anêmicos, considerando a ferritina e o RDW, observou-se 28por cento de prevalência de deficiência de ferro. As melhores correlações entre as variáveis hematológicas e bioquímicas foram hemoglobina e hematócrito (r = 0,946), e HCM com o VCM (r = 0,950).Conclusão: a principal etiologia da anemia nos lactentes foi a ferropriva, cuja prevalência variou com os diferentes parâmetros utilizados e critérios adotados

[Anemia in infancy: etiology and prevalence]. / Anemia do lactente: etiologia e prevalência.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency anemia and iron deficiency in infants, at a Public Health Unit in the city of Goiânia-Brazil; to analyze and to correlate the hematologic and biochemical variables. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out. One hundred and ten full-term infants of the 120 mothers interviewed were included. The infants aged between six and twelve months and there were not twins. Socioeconomic and hematologic data was obtained. Venous blood was taken from fasting infants in order to carry out a complete hemogram through electronic cell counting, serum iron, serum ferritin and C-reactive protein, which were used in the evaluation of the etiology of iron deficiency in the anemic infants. Children with hemoglobin <11 g/dL were considered anemic. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was 60.9%. In the diagnosis of the iron deficiency etiology in infants without an inflammation process, when considering the alteration of hemoglobin plus two more indices among mean corpuscular volume (MCV) or mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) or serum ferritin or serum iron, the prevalence of the iron deficiency was 87%. Nevertheless, when red cell distribution width (RDW) was included in the indices, the prevalence was 97.8%. In the non-anemic infants, considering ferritin and RDW, the prevalence of iron deficiency observed was 28%. The best correlation among hematologic and biochemical variables were between hemoglobin and hematocrit (r=0.946), and MCH with MCV (r=0.950). CONCLUSIONS: The main etiology in infants was iron deficiency anemia and its prevalence varied according to different parameters and criteria.

Efeito da fervura doméstica e da refrigeração na carga bacteriana do leite pasteurizado do tipo C / Effect of in-home boiling and refrigeration on bacterial load of pasteurized milk

Objetivos: Avaliar a eficácia da fervura na redução da carga bacteriana do leite pasteurizado e da refrigeração na conservação deste alimento. Métodos: Trinta embalagens de 1 litro de leite pasteurizado tipo C foram adquiridas no comércio varegista do município de São Paulo. De cada amostra foram retiradas alíquotas, em seis ocasiões, para realização de análises laboratoriais: antes da fervura; após a fervura; após duas, quatro, seis e vinte equatro horas de refrigeração. As análises realizadas foram a contagem padrão em placas de bactérias mesófilas aeróbias facultativas e a determinação do número de coliformes e Escherchia coli (E. coli). Resultados: Nenhuma amostra apresentou contagem de bactérias mesófilas acima dos padrões legais permitidos ou presença de E. coli. Dez amostras (33 por cento) apresentaram coliformes, das quais 3 (10 por cento), acima dos padrões permitidos. A mediana das contagens de bactérias mesófilas imediatamente após a fervura foi significantemente menor do que antes da fervura, enquanto a mediana após 24 horas de refrigeração foi maior do que a mediana imediatamente após a fervura. Entre os intervalos de duas, quatro, seis e vinte e quatro horas de refrigeração não ocorreram aumentos significantes. a presença de coliformes foi maior antes da fervura. Nas amostras positivas para coliformes não ocorreu a recuperação destes microorganismos em nenhum momento após a fervura. Conclusões: A fervura do leite mostrou-se eficaz em diminuir a carga bacteriana., enquanto a refrigeração manteve as contagens em níveis baixos após a fervura

Quociente de inteligência de crianças e adolescentes obesos através da escala Wechsler / Intelligent quotient of obese children and adolescents by the Weschler scale

Foram estudadas as características intelectuais de 65 crianças obesas, de 8 a 13 anos e 11 meses, comparativamente às de 35 crianças eutróficas, através da Escala de Inteligência Wechsler para Crianças. Os dois grupos foram pareados de acordo com a faixa etária, série escolar e nível socioeconômico. O grupo de obesos foi composto por pacientes atendidos pelo Departamento de Pediatria da Universidade Federal Säo Paulo, e o grupo-controle, por crianças pertencentes a escolas públicas. O grupo de eutróficos apresentou significantemente melhor desempenho no teste de inteligência do que o grupo de obesos (Quociente de Inteligência - QI médio - 91 x 85; p<0,05). Crianças eutróficas revelaram maior amplitude de interesses e capacidade de adaptaçäo social e, melhor velocidade e destreza. Houve correlaçäo positiva entre o nível de renda, a relaçäo peso-estatura e o QI. Apesar de todos os resultados médios de QI apresentarem dados consistentemente favoráveis aos eutróficos, näo se pode afirmar total superioridade desse grupo em virtude da ampla gama de fatores emocionais intervenientes no processo de inteligência, näo controlados pelo estudo

The recent revival of breast-feeding in the city of São Paulo, Brazil / A recente revivifação da amamentação na cidade de São Paulo, Brazil

A ramdom sampling of children under age five in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1984/85, disclosed the mediam duration of breast-feeding to be 3,5 months and the duration of exclusive breast-feeding 2.0 months...

Mulher, familia e reproducao em uma amostra de baixa renda do municipio de Sao Paulo, 1978-1979

A presente analisou o desenvolvimento de 190 criancas, durante seus primeiros meses de vida, relacionando-o com as condicoes de vida e os arranjos domiciliares na familia. O trabalho das maes, a migracao recente, a composicao do orcamento familiar, as familias nucleares ou ampliadas, sao fatores analisadas em funcao do estado nutricional constatado nas criancas. Os resultados apontam para as condicoes de sobrevivencia mais favoraveis entre as familias ampliadas.