A population-based study on epidemiology of intensive care unit treated traumatic brain injury in Iceland.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury is a worldwide health issue and a significant cause of preventable deaths and disabilities. We aimed to describe population-based data on intensive care treated traumatic brain injury in Iceland over 15 years period. METHODS: Retrospective review of all intensive care unit admissions due to traumatic brain injury at The National University Hospital of Iceland 1999-2013. Data were collected on demographics, mechanism of injury, alcohol consumption, glasgow come scale upon admission, Injury Severity Scoring, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score, length of stay, interventions and mortality (defined as glasgow outcome score one). All computerized tomography scans were reviewed for Marshall score classification. RESULTS: Intensive care unit admissions due to traumatic brain injury were 583. The incidence decreased significantly from 14/100.000/year to 12/100.000/year. Males were 72% and the mean age was 41 year. Majority of patients (42%) had severe traumatic brain injury. The most common mechanism of injury was a fall from low heights (36.3%). The mortality was 18.2%. Increasing age, injury severity score, Marshall score and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score are all independent risk factors for death. Glasgow coma scale was not an independent prognostic factor for outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence decreased with a shift in injury mechanism from road traffic accidents to falls and an increased rate of traumatic brain injury in older patients following a fall from standing or low heights. Mortality was higher in older patients falling from low heights than in younger patients suffering multiple injuries in road traffic accidents. Age, injury severity score, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score and Marshall score are good prognostic factors for outcome. Traumatic brain injury continues to be a considerable problem and the increase in severe traumatic brain injury in the middle age and older age groups after a seemingly innocent accident needs a special attention.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome: nationwide changes in incidence, treatment and mortality over 23 years.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to assess population-based changes in incidence, treatment, and in short- and long-term survival of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) over 23 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis of all patients in Iceland who fulfilled the consensus criteria for ARDS in 1988-2010. Demographic variables, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores and ventilation parameters were collected from hospital charts. RESULTS: The age-standardised incidence of ARDS during the study period was 7.2 cases per 100,000 person-years and was increased by 0.2 cases per year (P < 0.001). The most common causes of ARDS were pneumonia (29%) and sepsis (29%). The use of pressure-controlled ventilation became almost dominant from 1993. The peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) has significantly decreased (-0.5 cmH(2) O/year), but the peak end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) has increased (0.1 cmH(2) O/year) during the study period. The hospital mortality decreased by 1% per year (P = 0.03) during the study period, from 50% in 1988-1992 to 33% in 2006-2010. A multivariable logistic regression model revealed that higher age and APACHE II score increased the odds of hospital mortality, while a higher calendar year of diagnosis reduced the odds of mortality. This was unchanged when dominant respiratory treatment, PIP and PEEP were added to the model. The 10-year survival of ARDS survivors was 68% compared with 90% survival of a reference population (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The incidence of ARDS has almost doubled, but hospital mortality has decreased during the 23 years of observation. The 10-year survival of ARDS survivors is poor compared with the reference population.

Acute kidney injury in intensive care units according to RIFLE classification: a population-based study.

INTRODUCTION: Recent studies of the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) are largely based on estimated baseline serum creatinine values. The aim of this study was to more accurately determine the incidence of AKI using the RIFLE criteria for intensive care unit (ICU) patients of a whole population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All adult patients admitted to the ICUs of Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland in 2007 (n = 1026) were studied with meticulous search for baseline creatinine. The underlying risk factors and contributing causes for AKI were defined, and survival and ratio of end-stage renal failure evaluated. RESULTS: A measured baseline creatinine value was found for all but two patients with AKI. The incidence of AKI according to RIFLE criteria was 21.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 19.0-24.1%], with 7.1% (95 CI: 5.6-8.9%), 6.8% (95 CI: 5.3-8.5%) and 7.8% (95 CI: 6.2-9.6%) in the risk, injury and failure subgroups. Using estimated baseline creatinine overestimated the incidence of AKI by 3.5%. The sensitivity and specificity of the RIFLE criteria using estimated baseline creatinine were 76% and 95%. Renal replacement therapy was required for 17% of the AKI patients. One year survival of AKI patients was 51%, but only 2.5% of patients surviving 90 days required chronic renal replacement therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of AKI in the ICU was lower than previously published, perhaps due to overestimation of AKI using estimated baseline creatinine or bias from tertiary referrals. AKI patients have high mortality, but the survivors have a low incidence of end-stage renal failure.

Recombinant factor VIIa as last-resort treatment of desperate haemorrhage.

INTRODUCTION: Studies are inconclusive regarding clinical outcomes after administration of recombinant activated coagulation factor VII (rFVIIa) during severe haemorrhage. The circumstances encountered during desperate haemorrhage make it difficult to include the most critically ill patients that could possibly benefit the most from such treatment into randomized controlled trials. We report our experience with rFVIIa as last-resort treatment of desperate haemorrhage when all standard treatment has failed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hospital charts of all consecutive patients treated with rFVIIa for desperate non-haemophilic bleeding over a 10-year period at the single institution administering rFVIIa were surveyed for treatment indications, clinical outcome, transfusion need and coagulation profiles. RESULTS: Fifty-five rFVIIa treatment occasions of desperate bleeding were identified in 54 patients (median age 54 years). A single rFVIIa dose was used in 86%, and haemorrhage was considered effectively contained by immediate clinical response on 81% of occasions. Overall, 38 patients (71%) survived for over 30 days. Two thromboembolic events occurred (3.6%). The 24-h mortality in 45 rFVIIa immediate clinical responders and 10 non-responders was 2% and 50%, respectively (P = 0.0004), and the 30-day mortality was 25% and 60%, respectively (P = 0.05). Blood product use decreased with rFVIIa (P < 0.01) as did the prothrombin time (20.0-13.3 s, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of unselected consecutive patients receiving rFVIIa as last-resort treatment for desperate haemorrhage were considered to have immediate clinical response as well as reduced transfusion requirements and correction of coagulation parameters. An immediate clinical response to rFVIIa may possibly be predictive of survival.

Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injuries in Iceland from 1975 to 2009.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective population-based epidemiological study. OBJECTIVES: To assess the nationwide, population-based incidence, causes, age, gender, extent and prevalence of spinal cord injuries (SCIs) in Iceland from 1975 to 2009. SETTING: Landspitali University Hospital in Iceland, the single referral center for SCIs in Iceland. METHODS: A retrospective review of hospital records on all admissions due to SCIs. Analysis of incidence, causes, age, gender, extent of injury and prevalence. RESULTS: A total of 207 patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) were admitted: males 72%, females 28%. The percentage of females with TSCI increased to 37% in 2000-2004. Mean age at injury was 38 years. Average incidence per million population per year was 30 in 1975-1979, 12.5 in 1995-1999 and 33.5 in 2005-2009. Thirty-day mortality was 6.3%. Causes of injury were road traffic accidents (RTA) in 42.5% of the cases; the majority did not use seatbelts. Falls amounted to 30.9%, with an increase of low falls among the elderly causing incomplete cervical lesions. Sport/leisure activities were the cause in 18.8%, of which 54% occurred after 2000. The main single cause of TSCI in sport/leisure were horse-riding accidents, followed by winter sport accidents, especially among women. Other causes constituted 7.7%. The injury was complete in 39%; cervical lesions were 57% and thoracic/lumbar lesions were 43%. In December 2009, the crude prevalence rate was 526 per million population. CONCLUSIONS: The findings showed a significant increase of TSCI in 2005-2009, especially in sport/leisure accidents and incomplete cervical lesions due to falls among elderly. Prevention strategies need to focus on these risk groups and on seatbelt use.

Induced hypothermia in comatose survivors of asphyxia: a case series of 14 consecutive cases.

BACKGROUND: Induced hypothermia is widely used for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Other causes of hypoxic brain injury carry a poor prognosis when treated using traditional methods. At our hospital, hypothermia has also been used for the management of all comatose survivors of asphyxiation. The aim of the present study was to report the results of the management of these patients. METHODS: Hospital charts of all patients admitted unconscious after asphyxiation during a 7-year period were reviewed. This included patients after hanging, drowning, carbon monoxide intoxication and other gas intoxications. In all patients, hypothermia with a target temperature of 32-34 degrees C was induced with external or intravascular cooling for 24 h. The primary outcome was neurologic function at discharge. RESULTS: Fourteen male patients were treated with hypothermia, eight after hanging, three after drowning, two after carbon monoxide intoxication and one after methane intoxication. All were deeply comatose (Glasgow Coma Score 3-5) on arrival to hospital. Nine had been resuscitated from cardiac arrest. There were nine survivors (65%), all with good neurological recovery (Cerebral Performance Category 1-2). Four out of five non-survivors showed cerebral edema already on arrival computed tomographic (CT) scan while none of the nine survivors did. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that an early abnormal CT scan of the brain in patients resuscitated after asphyxiation carries an adverse prognosis. The favorable outcome of the patients in the present study suggests that a randomized clinical trial on the use of induced hypothermia in patients exposed to severe asphyxia might be warranted.

Severe atenolol and diltiazem overdose.

CASE REPORT: A case of combined, massive overdose of both atenolol and diltiazem in an adult male is reported. Cardiac arrest ensued which was responsive to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Bradycardia, hypotension, and oliguria followed which were resistant to intravenous pacing and multiple pharmacologic interventions, including intravenous fluids, calcium, dopamine, dobutamine, epinephrine, prenalterol, and glucagon. Adequate mean arterial pressure and urine output were restored only after addition of phenylephrine to therapy with multiple agents and transvenous pacing. The patient survived until discharge after a hospital course complicated by nontransmural myocardial infarct on hospital day 4 and pneumonia. Laboratory testing subsequently revealed high serum levels of both atenolol and diltiazem. The atenolol level of 35 microg/mL in this patient is the highest reported associated with survival. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates severe cardiovascular toxicity after overdose of both atenolol and diltiazem. Oliguria, which has previously been reported in severe atenolol overdose, was successfully treated without hemodialysis by the addition of phenylephrine to aggressive therapy with pacing, inotropic, and pressor support.

[Head injury at Reykjavík Hospital, intensive care unit, 1994-1998.].

OBJECTIVE: Reykjavík Hospital is the main trauma hospital in Iceland, receiving all severe head injuries in the country. Incidence of head injury and mortality has been decreasing in the last decades. The aim of this study was to analyse data on admission, treatment and outcome of patients admitted to intensive care unit with severe head injury and compare with other countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study we looked retrospectively at the incidence of severe head injuries admitted to the intensive care unit at Reykjavik Hospital 1994-1998. Number of patients, type of injury, length of stay, length of ventilator treatment. Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), APACHE II (Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation) score and mortality was analysed. RESULTS: A total of 236 patients was admitted with an average of 47 patients per year. Traffic accidents were the most common cause of injury and mortality was 11.7%. Ethanol consumption was seen in many cases where fall was the cause of accident, most often in the year 1998 in 75% of cases. Mortality of patients with GCS 8 that was 40% of the patients was must higher or 24.7% compared with patients with GCS >8 where mortality was 3.4%. There was an increase in admissions in 1998, with more severe injuries and significantly longer length of stay and ventilator treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Number of patients with head injury was decreasing in comparison with older studies. The results of treatment are rather good in comparison with other countries with relatively low mortality, or 11.7% versus 15-20% in nearby countries. There has been improvement of outcome in patients with the most severe head injury (GCS 8) since 20 years ago, where up to 50% of the patients died but in our study mortality was 24.7%. Alcohol consumption was seen in 46% of cases where fall was the cause of head injury. Those that suffer head trauma are most often young people and preventive measures must continue with full strength in order to decrease the incidence of accidents in our society.

[Thirty years of intensive care. Clinical experience at Reykjavik Hospital.].

OBJECTIVE: Reykjavik Hospital has been the main trauma center in Iceland. The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) was founded in 1970 and has been in operation since then. The aim of this study was to review its clinical experience these 30 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of patient records was conducted for all admissions to the ICU between 1970 and the end of 1999. Data was collected pertaining to the annual rate of admission, proportion of patients requiring ventilator treatment, mortality rate, age distribution, reasons for admission and medical speciality. RESULTS: A total of 13,154 patients were admitted to the ICU between 1970 and the end of 1999. A steady increase in the rate of admissions was observed during the study period, reaching 550-600 patients for the ICU annually. There was a statistically significant increase in the proportion of patients requiring ventilator treatment over the study period, reaching 38% of ICU admissions by the end of the study. During the study period only one statistically significant change was observed in age distribution. The annual rate of admission to the ICU for patients over 60 years of age increased significantly between the periods 1985-1989 and 1990-1999. The proportion of surgical patients increased (70% of patients by the end of the study) and the proportion of medical patients decreased (ending at 30% of patients). During the last decade a significant increase was seen in patients admitted after major surgery. The observed mortality rate in the final years of the study was observed to be significantly less than it had been in previous years. The observed mortality rate from 1970 to 1989 was 11.7% of patients, decreasing to 8.6% from 1990 to 1998. The average length of stay was also observed to decline. CONCLUSIONS: The decline in mortality occurred in spite of an increased rate of admission and an increased workload. This change is attributed to improvement in the care of critically ill patients over the study period.

[Postoperative restcurarization.].

OBJECTIVE: Muscle relaxants have been used during anesthesia for the past 50 years but in the last decades it has been realised that their use can lead to complications. Studies have shown 20-40% incidence of restcurarization in postanesthesia care units (PACU) even if neuromuscular monitors are used during anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to estimate the frequency of postoperative muscle weakness at the Reykjavik Hospital in Iceland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty patients, operated for laparoscopic cholecystectomy or lumbal disc prolapse, given muscle relaxants (vecuronium or pancu notronium) during anesthesia were studied in the PACU. The 5-sec headlift test has been shown to be the best clinical sign of recovery and this sign was used to find patients with muscle weakness. Glasgow coma score (GCS) was used to evaluate if patients were too drowsy to co-operate and patients with GCS <12 were excluded. Measurements were made after arrival to the PACU and every 30 minutes thereafter until headlift was at least five seconds. RESULTS: Incidence of restcurarization was 17% on arrival to the PACU and these patients were significantly lower in oxygen saturation before oxygen supplementation was started. Thirty minutes after arrival 6% were still restcurarized and 3% after 60 minutes. All patients had recovered after 90 minutes. No difference was found between patients given vecuronium or pancuronium in the first two measurements but those with longest duration of muscle weakness had received pancuronium. CONCLUSION: The study shows that the incidence of muscle weakness is too high, which might increase the risk for complications such as hypoxia or respiratory failure. To increase patient safety, shorter acting drugs are recommended and the use of new nervestimulators giving the train-of-four(TOF)-ratio during muscle blockade could possibly improve the situation.