ABSTRACT
Self-assembled nanoparticle (NP) arrays at liquid interfaces provide a unique optical response which has opened the door to new tuneable metamaterials for sensing and optical applications. NPs can spontaneously assemble at a liquid-liquid interface, forming an ordered, self-healing, low-defect 2D film. The close proximity of the NPs at the interface results in collective plasmonic modes with a spectral response dependent on the distance between the NPs and induces large field enhancements within the gaps. In this study, we assembled spherical and rod-shaped gold NPs with the aim of improving our understanding of NP assembly processes at liquid interfaces, working towards finely controlling their structure and producing tailored optical and enhanced Raman signals. We systematically tuned the assembly and spacing between NPs through increasing or decreasing the degree of electrostatic screening with the addition of electrolyte or pH adjustment. The in situ modulation of the nanoparticle position on the same sample allowed us to monitor plasmon coupling and the resulting SERS enhancement processes in real time, with sub-nm precision.
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out at Krishnanagar city of Nadia District, West Bengal on aims to focus the HIV/AIDS related awareness and attitudes. A total of 400 samples divided into illiterate, primary, secondary and higher educated people (100 from each group) were surveyed using "5-point Likert Scale" consisting of two parts-Part-I for measuring attitude and Part-II for measuring awareness. The data were collected at the end of 1999 and analyzed using SPSS computer programme. Results revealed subjects of any categories of people in general were not aware and shows negative attitude towards AIDS. Significant differences were existed among the categories except between illiterate & primary and secondary & higher educated group of people about awareness and attitude towards AIDS.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Educational Status , Humans , IndiaABSTRACT
Acute phase responses to intragastric administration of a single dose of CCl(4) were examined with albumin mRNA turnover as a marker. Based on the combination of the changes in stability of albumin mRNA and activity of transcription of its gene, the entire course of liver injury was classified into three stages, the first stage for aggravation of injury until 9 h, the second from 9 to 24 h, and the third for repair of injury or regeneration of liver after 48 h. Liver S100 fractions from normal and CCl(4)-treated rats contained, in total, 11 polypeptides cross-linked with part of albumin mRNA, although they did not appear to be specific to this mRNA. Their profiles were altered together with the changes in stability of albumin mRNA in different stages. These findings suggest that the polypeptides with distinct properties play roles in physiologically significant processes involved in utilization and turnover of albumin mRNA, apparently altering its stability.
Subject(s)
Albumins/genetics , Carbon Tetrachloride/toxicity , Liver/drug effects , Liver/injuries , RNA Stability/drug effects , RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Acute-Phase Reaction/genetics , Amanitins/pharmacology , Animals , Base Sequence , Binding, Competitive , Carbon Tetrachloride/administration & dosage , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Half-Life , Liver/metabolism , Liver/pathology , Liver Diseases/classification , Liver Diseases/genetics , Liver Diseases/pathology , Male , Molecular Weight , Peptides/chemistry , Peptides/metabolism , Protein Binding/drug effects , RNA Probes/genetics , RNA Probes/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , RNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Substrate Specificity , Time Factors , Transcription, Genetic/drug effectsABSTRACT
A simple haemolytic assay method for quantitative estimation of the delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis from a crude preparation has been developed. The method has several advantages over mosquito-larvicidal methods of assay as it is inexpensive, highly sensitive and easier to run and can be used for performing a reasonably large number of assays rapidly with high precision and with a coefficient of variation that does not exceed 1.96%.
