ABSTRACT
Soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is a severe pest of soybean in central North America. Outbreaks of the aphid in Ontario are often spotty in distribution, with some geographical areas affected severely and others with few or no aphid populations occurring in soybean for the duration of the season. A. glycines spend summers on soybean and overwinter on buckthorn, a shrub that is widespread in southern Ontario and is commonly found in agricultural hedgerows and at the margins of woodlots. A. glycines likely use both short distance migratory flights from buckthorn and longer distance dispersal flights in the search for acceptable summer hosts. This study aims to model colonization of soybean fields by A. glycines engaged in early-season migration from overwintering hosts. Akaike's information criterion (AIC) was used to rank numerous competing linear and probit models using field parameters to predict aphid presence, colonization, and density. The variable that best modeled aphid density in soybean fields in the early season was the ratio of buckthorn density to field area, although dramatic differences in relationships between the parameters were observed between study years. This study has important applications in predicting areas that are at elevated risk of developing economically damaging populations of soybean aphid and which may act as sources for further infestation.
Subject(s)
Aphids/physiology , Glycine max/parasitology , Host-Parasite Interactions , Models, Biological , Rhamnus/parasitology , Animals , Environment , Ontario , Population DensityABSTRACT
Opioids are the major class of analgesics used in the management of moderate to severe cancer pain, and constipation is a common side effect of opioid administration. While monitoring for quality-assurance, nurses found that 95% of patients interviewed on a 28-bed oncology unit of a Midwestern hospital reported constipation as the major side effect of their opioid regimen for pain control. Through the efforts of a nursing research utilization committee, a protocol to prevent opioid-induced constipation in patients with cancer was developed and implemented.
Subject(s)
Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects , Clinical Nursing Research/organization & administration , Constipation/chemically induced , Constipation/prevention & control , Neoplasms/complications , Oncology Nursing/methods , Pain/drug therapy , Patient Care Planning/standards , Algorithms , Constipation/nursing , Decision Trees , Humans , Nursing Assessment , Pain/etiology , Program Development , Program Evaluation , Quality Assurance, Health CareABSTRACT
Sleeping problems are common among children with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Extinction may be effective if sleeping problems have been shaped and are positively reinforced by parental attention. The present study shows that extinction was effective in the treatment of severe sleeping problems in a six-year old girl with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Effects were maintained during follow-up.
Subject(s)
Abnormalities, Multiple , Behavior Therapy/methods , Chromosome Aberrations , Chromosome Disorders , Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 , Sleep Wake Disorders/therapy , Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics , Child , Chromosome Aberrations/genetics , Developmental Disabilities/genetics , Extinction, Psychological , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , SyndromeABSTRACT
Sleeping problems are common among developmentally disabled children of young age and they may have adverse effects on the well-being of both child and parents. In the present study, results from functional assessment with four children suggested that sleeping problems were reinforced by parental attention whilst an undiagnosed seizure disorder was associated with nighttime crying with one child. Conditioned anxiety resulted in problems in settling to sleep with a sixth child. Behavioral (i.e., extinction, desensitization) and pharmacological (i.e., anticonvulsant) treatment resulted in a substantial reduction in sleeping problems with all children. Follow-up data indicate that effects were maintained.
