ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to validate a Georgian version of the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E). The distribution of psychiatric disorders was assessed among patients with epilepsy. METHODS: One hundred and thirty consecutive adult patients with epilepsy completed the NDDI-E and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). All patients were further assessed by a qualified psychiatrist. RESULTS: In 31 (23.8%) patients, a diagnosis of major depression was revealed. The internal consistency of the NDDI-E was 0.695. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) showed an area under the curve of 0.975. A cutoff score of ≥16 resulted in a sensitivity of 0.90 and a specificity of 0.939. The screening questionnaire showed a significantly positive correlation with BDI scores (Spearman's rho - 0.684), indicating good concurrent validity. DISCUSSION: The Georgian version of the NDDI-E is a reliable tool for the detection of depressive disorders in individuals with epilepsy.
Subject(s)
Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Epilepsy/psychology , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/statistics & numerical data , Psychometrics/instrumentation , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , ROC Curve , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Translating , Young AdultABSTRACT
Schizophrenia is an idiopathic mental disorder with a heritable component and a substantial public health impact. We conducted a multi-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) for schizophrenia beginning with a Swedish national sample (5,001 cases and 6,243 controls) followed by meta-analysis with previous schizophrenia GWAS (8,832 cases and 12,067 controls) and finally by replication of SNPs in 168 genomic regions in independent samples (7,413 cases, 19,762 controls and 581 parent-offspring trios). We identified 22 loci associated at genome-wide significance; 13 of these are new, and 1 was previously implicated in bipolar disorder. Examination of candidate genes at these loci suggests the involvement of neuronal calcium signaling. We estimate that 8,300 independent, mostly common SNPs (95% credible interval of 6,300-10,200 SNPs) contribute to risk for schizophrenia and that these collectively account for at least 32% of the variance in liability. Common genetic variation has an important role in the etiology of schizophrenia, and larger studies will allow more detailed understanding of this disorder.
