Relation between anaemia and bone marrow features and serum erythropoietin in dogs with chronic kidney disease / Relação entre anemia e achados de medula óssea e eritropoetina sérica em cães com doença renal crônica

Chronic anaemia is one of the most severe complications of chronic kidney disease, contributing to morbidity and mortality caused by the disease; therefore, bone marrow cytological evaluation is needed to monitor the progression of anaemia. This study aimed to correlate the anaemia in dogs at different stages of chronic kidney disease with their serum biochemistry, myelogram results and serum erythropoietin findings. Sixty-three dogs were grouped according to International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) classification in stages 1, 2, 3 and 4. Haematologic, serum and urinary biochemistry and serum erythropoietin were performed for comparison with the findings of bone marrow cytology obtained by aspiration of the manubrium. Cytological findings for erythroid hypoplasia were described in 93.65% of dogs, and the anaemia was observed in 84.1% of them. The haematological findings were correlated with azotaemia (p<0.05). It was concluded that the erythroid hypoplasia has correlation with persistent anaemia in dogs at all stages of chronic kidney disease, with iron deficiency in dogs in the early stages and with peripheral destruction of erythrocytes caused by azotaemia.(AU)

A anemia crônica é umas das complicações mais graves da doença renal crônica, contribuindo para a morbidade e mortalidade causada pela doença; Portanto, a avaliação citológica da medula óssea é necessária para monitorar a progressão da anemia. Assim, esse estudo objetivou correlacionar a anemia em cães em diferentes estágios da doença renal crônica aos achados de bioquímica sérica, mielograma e concentração sérica de eritropoietina. Sessenta e três cães foram agrupados de acordo com a classificação da International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) em estágios 1, 2, 3 e 4. Foram realizadas análises hematológicas, bioquímicas séricas e urinárias, e dosagem sérica de eritropoetina para comparação com os achados medulares obtidos por citologia aspirativa do manúbrio. Os achados citológicos de hipoplasia eritróide foram descritos em 93,65% dos cães, e a anemia foi observada em 84,1% dos cães. Os resultados hematológicos foram correlacionados com azotemia (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que a hipoplasia eritróide teve associação com a anemia persistente em cães em todas as fases de doença renal crônica, com deficiência de ferro em cães em fases iniciais e com a destruição periférica dos eritrócitos causada pela azotemia.(AU)

Beneficial effect of glutamine on exercise-induced apoptosis of rat neutrophils.

INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE: The effect of a single bout of intensive exercise on apoptosis of rat neutrophils and the possible prevention by glutamine administration was examined. The experiments were performed in sexually immature and sexually mature male rats as to examine the possible involvement of sexual maturation in the effect of exercise. METHODS: Exercise was carried out on a treadmill for 1 h before rats were killed by decapitation. Aqueous solution of glutamine was given by gavage (1 g.kg-1 body weight), 1 h before exercise. Neutrophils were obtained by intraperitoneal lavage with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 4 h after injection of oyster glycogen solution. The cells were then analyzed for apoptosis by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Pro- and antiapoptotic gene expression was evaluated by reverse transcriptase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: Neutrophils obtained from immature and mature exercised rats showed an increase in DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and phosphatidylserine externalization. This suggests that all neutrophils suffered apoptosis. To study the possible mechanism involved, the production of reactive oxygen metabolites, expression of genes involved in apoptosis and mitochondrial transmembrane potential were examined. Acute exercise raised reactive oxygen metabolites production by neutrophils. Exercise did not change the expression of antiapoptotic (bcl-xL) and apoptotic (bax and bcl-xS) genes in neutrophils from immature rats but caused a significant increase of bax and bcl-xS expression and provoked a significant decrease of bcl-xL expression in cells from mature rats. Exercise also induced a marked loss of mitochondrial depolarization in neutrophils. Oral glutamine supplementation partially prevented the exercise-induced apoptosis in neutrophils from sexually immature and mature rats. CONCLUSION: The protective effect of glutamine on neutrophil apoptosis induced by acute exercise possibly occurs by preservation of mitochondrial function.

NBD-cholesterol incorporation by rat macrophages and lymphocytes: a process dependent on the activation state of the cells.

The time-course of incorporation of NBD-cholesterol by macrophages (Ma) and lymphocytes (LY) obtained from untreated and thioglycollate-injected (thio) rats was investigated. NBD-cholesterol incorporation was also examined in Ma obtained from untreated rats and stimulated in vitro by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phorbol-myristate acetate (PMA). The same measurement was performed in LY from untreated rats stimulated by addition of LPS and concanavalin A (Con A) into the culture medium. Thio-treated Ma showed high fluorescence intensity after 1 h of incubation with NBD-cholesterol. Ma submitted concomitant to LPS and NBD-cholesterol showed low fluorescence intensity, as well as Ma stimulated with PMA. Ma from untreated and LPS pre-treated rats showed a similar time-course of incorporation. LY from thio-treated rats showed lower incorporation of NBD-cholesterol in comparison to LY from untreated rats. Incorporation was reduced when LPS was added concomitantly with NBD-cholesterol. On the other hand, LY pre-treated with LPS for 48 h showed a very high incorporation of NBD-cholesterol. Con A treatment did not cause a significant effect on NBD-cholesterol incorporation. The findings presented herein led us to conclude that the uptake of NBD-cholesterol by Ma and LY is markedly affected by the activation state of the cells.