Improving the Antimycobacterial Drug Clofazimine through Formation of Organic Salts by Combination with Fluoroquinolones.

This work reports the synthesis, structural and thermal analysis, and in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of two new organic salts (OSs) derived from the antimycobacterial drug clofazimine and the fluoroquinolones ofloxacin or norfloxacin. Organic salts derived from active pharmaceutical ingredients (API-OSs), as those herein disclosed, hold promise as cost-effective formulations with improved features over their parent drugs, thus enabling the mitigation of some of their shortcomings. For instance, in the specific case of clofazimine, its poor solubility severely limits its bioavailability. As compared to clofazimine, the clofazimine-derived OSs now reported have improved solubility and thermostability, without any major deleterious effects on the drug's bioactivity profile.

Mosquito vector competence for dengue is modulated by insect-specific viruses.

Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus mosquitoes are the main vectors for dengue virus (DENV) and other arboviruses, including Zika virus (ZIKV). Understanding the factors that affect transmission of arboviruses from mosquitoes to humans is a priority because it could inform public health and targeted interventions. Reasoning that interactions among viruses in the vector insect might affect transmission, we analysed the viromes of 815 urban Aedes mosquitoes collected from 12 countries worldwide. Two mosquito-specific viruses, Phasi Charoen-like virus (PCLV) and Humaita Tubiacanga virus (HTV), were the most abundant in A. aegypti worldwide. Spatiotemporal analyses of virus circulation in an endemic urban area revealed a 200% increase in chances of having DENV in wild A. aegypti mosquitoes when both HTV and PCLV were present. Using a mouse model in the laboratory, we showed that the presence of HTV and PCLV increased the ability of mosquitoes to transmit DENV and ZIKV to a vertebrate host. By transcriptomic analysis, we found that in DENV-infected mosquitoes, HTV and PCLV block the downregulation of histone H4, which we identify as an important proviral host factor in vivo.

Drug-Derived Surface-Active Ionic Liquids: A Cost-Effective Way To Expressively Increase the Blood-Stage Antimalarial Activity of Primaquine.

Inspired by previous disclosure of room-temperature ionic liquids derived from primaquine and cinnamic acids, which displayed slightly enhanced blood-stage activity compared to the parent drug, we have now combined this emblematic antimalarial with natural fatty acids. This affords surface-active ionic liquids whose liver-stage antiplasmodial activity is either retained or slightly enhanced, while revealing blood-stage antiplasmodial activity at least one order of magnitude higher than that of the parent compound. These findings open new perspectives towards the cost-effective recycling of classical drugs that are either shelved or in decline, and which is not limited to antimalarial agents.

Surfing the Third Wave of Ionic Liquids: A Brief Review on the Role of Surface-Active Ionic Liquids in Drug Development and Delivery.

The relevance of ionic liquids (ILs) is now well established in many fields, as their unique properties make them appealing as 1) greener alternatives to organic solvents (first-generation ILs), 2) tunable task-specific materials (second-generation ILs), and 3) multifunctional players in life and pharmaceutical sciences (third-generation ILs). This third wave of ILs encompasses a wide range of compounds, from bioactive molecules with single or even dual therapeutic action, to potential ingredient molecules for drug formulation and transport systems. In this context, the focus of this review is the emergent role of surface-active ionic liquids (SAILs) in drug development and delivery.

Building on Surface-Active Ionic Liquids for the Rescuing of the Antimalarial Drug Chloroquine.

Ionic liquids derived from classical antimalarials are emerging as a new approach towards the cost-effective rescuing of those drugs. Herein, we disclose novel surface-active ionic liquids derived from chloroquine and natural fatty acids whose antimalarial activity in vitro was found to be superior to that of the parent drug. The most potent ionic liquid was the laurate salt of chloroquine, which presented IC50 values of 4 and 110 nM against a chloroquine-sensitive and a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum, respectively, corresponding to an 11- and 6-fold increase in potency as compared to the reference chloroquine bisphosphate salt against the same strains. This unprecedented report opens new perspectives in both the fields of malaria chemotherapy and of surface-active ionic liquids derived from active pharmaceutical ingredients.

Cinnamic Acid Conjugates in the Rescuing and Repurposing of Classical Antimalarial Drugs.

Cinnamic acids are compounds of natural origin that can be found in many different parts of a wide panoply of plants, where they play the most diverse biological roles, often in a conjugated form. For a long time, this has been driving Medicinal Chemists towards the investigation of the therapeutic potential of natural, semi-synthetic, or fully synthetic cinnamic acid conjugates. These efforts have been steadily disclosing promising drug leads, but a wide chemical space remains that deserves to be further explored. Amongst different reported approaches, the combination or conjugation of cinnamic acids with known drugs has been addressed in an attempt to produce either synergistic or multi-target action. In this connection, the present review will focus on efforts of the past decade regarding conjugation with cinnamic acids as a tool for the rescuing or the repurposing of classical antimalarial drugs, and also on future perspectives in this particular field of research.

Silent Circulation of the Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus among Humans and Equids, Southeast Brazil.

Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that occurs throughout the Americas, and is considered a public health threat. In Brazil, SLEV has been detected from human cases associated with dengue-like disease, but no neurological symptoms were reported. Furthermore, the epidemiology of SLEV in human populations is still poorly explored in the country. We reported serological and molecular detection of SLEV in a healthy population of equids and humans from rural areas in Southeast Brazil. A plaque reduction neutralization test was applied, and neutralizing antibodies were detected in 11 individuals (4.6%) and 60 horses (21.5%). A qPCR targeting the 5'UTR region and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) targeting the non-structural protein (NS5) gene were performed and three individuals tested positive in both assays. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis confirmed SLEV circulation and its findings suggest the occurrence of an asymptomatic or subclinical presence in human and animal cases, correlating with the risks for outbreaks and consequently burden of SLEV infections to public health. Preventive strategies should include improved surveillance in regions with a high probability of SLEV occurrence, improvement in diagnostic methods, and evaluation of exposure/risk factors that can favor SLEV emergence.

Religiosidade e espiritualidade relacionadas às variáveis sociodemográficas, econômicas e de saúde entre idosos / Religiousity and spirituality related to the socio-demographic, economic and health variables in the older people / Religiosidad y espiritualidad relacionadas con variables sociodemográficas, económicas y de salud entre adultos mayores

INTRODUÇÃO: o Brasil vivencia acelerado processo de envelhecimento populacional. Mediante as angústias advindas do envelhecimento, religiosidade/espiritualidade (R/E) ocupam lugar de destaque na vida de pessoas idosas. OBJETIVO: verificar a associação das variáveis sociodemográficas, econômicas e de saúde com as dimensões de religiosidade e espiritualidade. METODOLOGIA: estudo transversal realizado por inquérito domiciliar com 643 idosos comunitários. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: miniexame do estado mental; caracterização dos dados sociodemográficos, econômicos e de saúde; medida multidimensional breve de religiosidade e espiritualidade. Foram realizadas análise descritiva e regressão linear múltipla com sete preditores: sexo, idade, escolaridade, estado conjugal, renda, número de doenças e percepção de saúde. RESULTADOS: predominaram sexo feminino, 60├69 anos, estado conjugal casados, 1├4 anos de estudo e renda mensal de um salário mínimo. Relativamente à percepção de saúde, 39,8% informaram regular, 81,5% relataram duas ou mais doenças. Em todas as dimensões de religiosidade/espiritualidade (experiências espirituais diárias; valores/crenças; perdão; práticas religiosas particulares; superação religiosa; suporte religioso; religiosidade organizacional; autoavaliação global), o preditor sexo foi estatisticamente significativo. Em nenhuma das dimensões a renda foi estatisticamente significativa. Em quatro dimensões esteve presente o estado conjugal. Em duas dimensões a idade influenciou. Em três dimensões a escolaridade esteve associada de forma inversa. Em apenas uma dimensão o número de doenças impactou e em duas dimensões a percepção de saúde influenciou. CONCLUSÃO: foi possível perceber que todas as dimensões de religiosidade/ espiritualidade foram influenciadas pelo sexo. Além disso, todos os preditores, exceto renda, estão associados a pelo menos uma dimensão de religiosidade/espiritualidade.(AU)

Introduction: Brazil is living an accelerated population aging process. Through the anxieties of aging, religiosity/spirituality (R/S) has a prominent place in the lives of older people. Objective: to verify the association of socio-demographic, economic, and health variables with the dimensions of religiosity and spirituality. Methodology: cross-sectional study conducted by a home survey with 643 community older adults. The instruments used were the mini-mental state examination, characterization of socio-demographic, economic and health data; and a brief multidimensional measure of religiosity and spirituality. Descriptive analysis and multiple linear regressions with seven predictors were performed: gender, age, education, marital status, income, number of diseases and health perception. Results: female, 60├69 years old, married couple, 1├4 years of study and monthly income of one minimum wage predominated. Regarding the perception of health, 39.8% reported it as regular, 81.5% reported two or more diseases. In all dimensions of religiosity/spirituality (daily spiritual experiences; values/beliefs; forgiveness; particular religious practices; religious overcoming; religious support; organizational...(AU)

Introducción: la población de Brasil vive un proceso acelerado de envejecimiento. Las angustias derivadas de dicho por este proceso permiten que la religiosidad / espiritualidad (R/E) ocupen un lugar destacado en la vida de las personas mayores. Objetivo: verificar la asociación de variables sociodemográficas, económicas y de salud con las dimensiones de religiosidad y espiritualidad. Metodología: estudio transversal realizado por encuesta domiciliaria con 643 personas mayores de la comunidad. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: mini examen del estado mental; caracterización de los datos sociodemográficos, económicos y de salud; medida multidimensional breve de religiosidad y espiritualidad. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y regresión lineal múltiple con siete predictores: género, edad, educación, estado conjugal, ingresos, número de enfermedades y percepción de salud. Resultados: predominantemente mujeres, 60 - 69 años, casados, 1├4 años de escolaridad e ingresos mensuales de un salario mínimo. En cuanto a la percepción de la salud, el 39,8% mencionó regular, el 81,5% informó dos o más enfermedades. En todas las dimensiones de religiosidad / espiritualidad (experiencias espirituales diarias; valores / creencias; perdón; prácticas religiosas particulares; superación religiosa; apoyo religioso; religiosidad organizacional; autoevaluación global), el predictor sexo era estadísticamente significativo. En ninguna de las dos dimensiones el ingreso era estadísticamente significativo. En cuatro dimensiones estaba presente el estado conjugal. En dos dimensiones influía la edad. En tres dimensiones, la educación estaba inversamente asociada. En una sola dimensión influía el número de enfermedades y en dos dimensiones influía la percepción de la salud. Conclusión: se percibió que todas las dimensiones de religiosidad / espiritualidad estaban influenciadas por el sexo. Además, todos los predictores, excepto ingresos, estaban asociados con al menos una dimensión de religiosidad / espiritualidad.(AU)

Vaccinia Virus among Domestic Dogs and Wild Coatis, Brazil, 2013-2015.

To determine their potential role as a source of human infection, we tested domestic dogs (urban) and wild coatis (wild) in Brazil for vaccinia virus. Our findings of positive neutralizing antibodies and quantitative PCR results for 35/184 dogs and 13/90 coatis highlight a potential public health risk.

The spatial and temporal scales of local dengue virus transmission in natural settings: a retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Dengue is a vector-borne disease caused by the dengue virus (DENV). Despite the crucial role of Aedes mosquitoes in DENV transmission, pure vector indices poorly correlate with human infections. Therefore there is great need for a better understanding of the spatial and temporal scales of DENV transmission between mosquitoes and humans. Here, we have systematically monitored the circulation of DENV in individual Aedes spp. mosquitoes and human patients from Caratinga, a dengue endemic city in the state of Minas Gerais, in Southeast Brazil. From these data, we have developed a novel stochastic point process pattern algorithm to identify the spatial and temporal association between DENV infected mosquitoes and human patients. METHODS: The algorithm comprises of: (i) parameterization of the variogram for the incidence of each DENV serotype in mosquitoes; (ii) identification of the spatial and temporal ranges and variances of DENV incidence in mosquitoes in the proximity of humans infected with dengue; and (iii) analysis of the association between a set of environmental variables and DENV incidence in mosquitoes in the proximity of humans infected with dengue using a spatio-temporal additive, geostatistical linear model. RESULTS: DENV serotypes 1 and 3 were the most common virus serotypes detected in both mosquitoes and humans. Using the data on each virus serotype separately, our spatio-temporal analyses indicated that infected humans were located in areas with the highest DENV incidence in mosquitoes, when incidence is calculated within 2.5-3 km and 50 days (credible interval 30-70 days) before onset of symptoms in humans. These measurements are in agreement with expected distances covered by mosquitoes and humans and the time for virus incubation. Finally, DENV incidence in mosquitoes found in the vicinity of infected humans correlated well with the low wind speed, higher air temperature and northerly winds that were more likely to favor vector survival and dispersal in Caratinga. CONCLUSIONS: We have proposed a new way of modeling bivariate point pattern on the transmission of arthropod-borne pathogens between vector and host when the location of infection in the latter is known. This strategy avoids some of the strong and unrealistic assumptions made by other point-process models. Regarding virus transmission in Caratinga, our model showed a strong and significant association between high DENV incidence in mosquitoes and the onset of symptoms in humans at specific spatial and temporal windows. Together, our results indicate that vector surveillance must be a priority for dengue control. Nevertheless, localized vector control at distances lower than 2.5 km around premises with infected vectors in densely populated areas are not likely to be effective.

Perfil sociodemográfico, econômico e de saúde de idosos rurais segundo o indicativo de depressão / Sociodemographic, economic and health profile of the rural elderly, according to depression indicators / Perfil sociodemográfico, económico y de salud de ancianos rurales según el indicativo de depresión

Objetivou-se comparar as variáveis sociodemográficas, econômicas e percepção de saúde de 374 idosos residentes na zona rural, divididos em dois grupos: 187 com indicativo de depressão e 187 sem indicativo. Utilizaram-se: Mini Exame(o nome é assim registrado? o correto seria: Miniexame) de Estado Mental, parte do Older Americans Resources and Services e a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica Abreviada. Para tanto, procedeu-se à análise estatística descritiva. Em ambos os grupos, predominaram: sexo feminino, 60├70 anos, casados, 4├8 anos de escolaridade e renda de um salário mínimo. A proporção de idosos com indicativo de depressão, que referiu ter se aposentado por motivo de saúde, satisfazer mal suas necessidades básicas, residir em casa cedida, situação de saúde péssima, piora na saúde comparada com 12 meses anteriores e saúde pior que de outros da mesma idade, foi significativamente superior àqueles sem indicativo. Este estudo pode contribuir para o conhecimento das peculiaridades de saúde de idosos rurais, com isso, auxiliando em políticas públicas, especialmente quanto à depressão.

The goal of the present study is to compare sociodemographic, economic and health perception variables among 374 elderly individuals inhabitants of a rural area, divided in two groups: 187 displaying depression indicators and 187 without. The study used: Mini Mental State Exam, part of the Older Americans Resources and Services, and the Abbreviated Geriatric Depression Scale. Analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics. Both groups displayed a prevalence of: female sex, 60├70 years of age, married, 4├8 years of schooling and income of one monthly minimum wage. The present study can contribute towards knowledge of the peculiarities of the health of the elderly in rural areas, assisting with public policy, especially with regards to depression

Se objetivó comparar variables sociodemográficas, económicas y percepción de salud de 374 ancianos residentes en zona rural, divididos en dos grupos: 187 con indicativo de depresión y 187 sin indicativo. Se utilizaron: Mini Examen de Estado Mental, parte del Older Americans Resources and Services y Escala de Depresión Geriátrica Abreviada. Se aplicó análisis estadístico descriptivo. En ambos grupos predominaron: sexo femenino, 60├70 años, casados, 4├8 años de escolarización, ingresos de un salario mínimo. La proporción de ancianos con indicativo de depresión que informó haberse jubilado por razones de salud, satisfacción insuficiente de necesidades básicas, residencia en domicilio cedido, refirieron situación de salud pésima, empeoramiento de salud comparada con 12 meses anteriores y salud peor que la de otros de la misma edad, fue significativamente superior a aquellos sin indicativo. Este estudio puede contribuir al conocimiento de particularidades sanitarias de ancianos rurales, colaborando con políticas públicas, en particular referidas a depresión

The influence of age, smoking, antiretroviral therapy, and esophagitis on the local immunity of the esophagus in patients with AIDS.

Studies have shown immunological and morphological alterations in the esophagus during the course of AIDS. Esophageal postmortem samples of 22 men with AIDS autopsied in a teaching hospital between 1982 and 2009 were collected. We carried out revision of the autopsy reports and medical records, morphometric analysis (Image J and KS-300 Kontron-Zeiss), and immunohistochemical (anti-S100, anti-IgA, anti-IgG, and anti-IgM) analysis of the esophagus. In accordance with most of the parameters evaluated, age and the smoking habit harmed the esophageal local immunity, whereas the use of antiretroviral therapy improved the immune characteristics of this organ. Patients with esophagitis also presented immunological fragility of the esophagus. This leads to the conclusion that alterations in the esophageal epithelium of patients with AIDS are not only caused by direct action of HIV but also the clinical and behavioral characteristics of the patient.

Specific detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in clinical samples by flow cytometry.

Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for severe pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Flow cytometry (FC) is a method widely used in different areas of clinical diagnosis like hematology and immunology. Recently it has started to be used in microbiology with a great potential for diagnosis of emergent microorganisms in clinical samples, especially when present in low numbers. The detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in respiratory samples can be performed by FC, using specific monoclonal antibodies. Considering clinical diagnosis as a reference method, we previously showed FC to be 100% sensitive and specific when compared to immunofluorescence. Being an automated method, it is faster and less subject to human error than microscopic evaluation.

Qualidade de vida de idosos com indicativo de depressão: implicações para a enfermagem / Quality of life of the elderly with indication of depression: implications for nursing / Calidad de vida de ancianos con indicativo de depresión: implicaciones para la enfermería

Estudo descritivo, transversal e observacional que objetivou caracterizar 187 idosos com indicativo de depressão, residentes na zona rural de Uberaba, segundo variáveis sociodemográficas e econômicas e mensurar a qualidade de vida (QV) desses idosos. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre junho de 2010 e março de 2011, utilizando-se os instrumentos: World Health Organization Quality of Life Bref, World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults e Escala de Depressão Geriátrica Abreviada. Utilizou-se o software SPSS para realizar a análise descritiva dos dados. Predominou o sexo feminino, donas de casa, com 60-70 anos, casados, morando com o cônjuge e em casa própria, recebiam um salário mínimo, aposentados, 4--9 anos de escolaridade. Obtiveram-se maiores escores de QV no domínio relações sociais e faceta intimidade, e menores, em meio ambiente e participação social. Ações de enfermagem devem ter como foco a identificação dos possíveis casos de depressão e acompanhamento da terapêutica.

Descriptive, transversal and observational study. It aimed at characterizing 187 elderly residents of rural Uberaba, MG, Brazil, with depression symptoms, on the basis of social demographic and economic variables for assessment of the elderly’s quality of life (QL). Data collection took place from June, 2010 to March, 2011, on the following bases: World Health Organization Quality of Life Bref, World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults, and the Geriatric Depression Scale Short. Descriptive analysis was done with SPSS software. Prevailing outcomes shown were as follows: female sex, housewives, with 60“% 70 years, married, living with their spouses in homes of their own, receiving minimum wages, retired, 4“%9 years of schooling. Higher scores in QL showed under social relationships and intimacy, and lower ones under environmental issues and social participation. Nursing actions should focus on the identification of possible cases of depression and on prescribed treatment and follow-up.

Estudio descriptivo, transversal y observacional con el objetivo de caracterizar 187 ancianos con indicación de depresión, y residentes en la zona rural de Uberaba-MG-Brasil, según variables sociodemográficas y económicas y medir la calidad de vida (CV) de eses ancianos. La recolección de datos tuvo lugar entre junio de 2010 y marzo de 2011, utilizando como instrumentos: World Health Organization Quality of Life Bref, World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults y la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica Abreviada. Se utilizó el programa SPSS para realizar el análisis descriptivo de los datos. Predominó el sexo femenino, amas de casa, con 60 “% 70 años, casados, vive con su cónyuge y sus propias casas, recibiendo un salario mínimo, jublados 4“%9 años de escolaridad. Se obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas en CV en el dominio relaciones sociales y faceta intimidad, y menores en participación social y medio ambiente. Las acciones de enfermería deben centrarse en la identificación de posibles casos de depresión y el tratamiento prescrito.

The influence of gender and of AIDS on the immunity of autopsied patients' esophagus.

Previous studies have shown that males who have AIDS are more frequently affected by infectious diseases than females. The esophagus is the organ in the digestive tube that is more commonly affected by opportunistic infections during the syndrome. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of AIDS and of gender on local immunity of the esophageal epithelium. Fragments of the esophagus from 29 autopsied women and 37 autopsied men were collected at a university hospital from 1980 to 2009 and were divided in groups with and without AIDS. The IgA-, IgG-, and IgM-positive cells and Langerhans cells (LCs) were immunostained, respectively, with anti-IgA, anti-IgG, anti-IgM, and anti-S100. The software Image J was used to measure the esophageal epithelium and to count the epithelium cellular layers. Patients with AIDS, apart from gender, showed an increase in IgA-, IgG-, and IgM-positive cells and a reduction of Langerhans cells, in thickness and in number of cellular layers in the esophageal epithelium. However, among individuals with AIDS, men presented lower secretory expression of IgA-, IgG-, and IgM-positive cells than women and more intense reduction of LCs. Women have naturally presented better local esophageal immunity than men. Although AIDS possibly causes immunological and morphological alterations in the esophageal epithelium in both genders, women have better esophageal immunity, which may explain a greater frequency of hospital admissions due to infection of men with AIDS when compared with women.

Revisitando a formação de recursos humanos de saúde no Brasil / Revisiting the formation of human resources for health in Brazil

Objetivo: Este estudo procura rever a trajetória das políticas de saúde, fazendo um resgate histórico dos movimentos sociais e suas articulações político-institucionais neste processo. Materiais e método: O estudo encontra-se delimitado pela realização das Conferências Nacionais de Saúde e das Conferências sobre Formação de Recursos Humanos de Saúde ocorridos no Brasil, no período de 1941 até o ano de 2000. Resultados e Conclusão: Conclui-se que os movimentos sociais e políticos institucionais tiveram participação decisiva nos rumos do processo de formação de recursos humanos de saúde no Brasil e propõe-se o reconhecimento das universidades como elemento fundamental neste processo.

Objective: This study seeks to review the history of health policies, making a historical social movements and their joint political institutions in this process. Material and methods: This study is limited by the performance of National Health Conferences and the Conference on Human Resources Training Health occurred in Brazil, from 1941 until 2000. Results and Conclusion: We conclude that social movements and political institutions have had substantial involvement in the course of the process of training human resources for health in Brazil and aims at recognition of universities as a key element in this process.

Dynamics of in vitro acquisition of resistance by Candida parapsilosis to different azoles.

Candida parapsilosis is a common isolate from clinical fungal infectious episodes. Resistance of C. parapsilosis to azoles has been increasingly reported. To analyse the development of resistance in C. parapsilosis, four azole-susceptible clinical strains and one American Type Culture Collection type strain were cultured in the presence of fluconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole at different concentrations. The isolates developed variable degrees of azole resistance according to the antifungal used. Fluconazole was the fastest inducer while posaconazole was the slowest. Fluconazole and voriconazole induced resistance to themselves and each other, but not to posaconazole. Posaconazole induced resistance to all azoles. Developed resistance was stable; it could be confirmed after 30 days of subculture in drug-free medium. Azole-resistant isolates revealed a homogeneous population structure; the role of azole transporter efflux pumps was minor after evaluation by microdilution and cytometric assays with efflux pump blockers (verapamil, ibuprofen and carbonyl cyanide 3-chloro-phenylhydrazone). We conclude that the rapid development of azole resistance occurs by a mechanism that might involve mutation of genes responsible for ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, stressed by exposure to antifungals.

Atenção e reabilitação psicossocial: uma revisão bibliográfica conceitual / Psycosocial attention and rehabilitation: a bibliographical review conceptual

Atenção e a reabilitação psicossocial vem sendo considerada como um campo novo de prática e de estudos na área de saúde mental e carece de maior aprofundamento sobre sua base teórica conceitual. O nosso objetivo foi fazer uma revisão bibliográfica conceitual a fim de contribuir com reflexões sobre o tema específico. Ficou evidenciado que os termos possuem conotações distintas e que na sua trajetória conceitual, há uma viculação com o paradigma normativo preventista, sendo necessário avançar para uma visão mais ampla, que considere a inclusão social, o cuidado com a singularidade das pessoas e com a diferença.

Determination of diphenylbutadiene by liquid chromatography-UV-fluorescence in foodstuffs.

Diphenylbutadiene (DPBD) is an optical brightener incorporated into a wide range of polymeric materials. Framed in the FOODMIGROSURE project, it was chosen as a model migrant to study the migration kinetics from polymeric materials in relevant foodstuffs. An analytical method was developed and optimized for the DPBD determination in foods. The sample preparation procedure uses both hexane and acetonitrile as extraction solvents, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. HPLC analysis was performed using UV detection at a wavelength of 330 nm, and fluorescence detection achieved with excitation and emission wavelengths of 330 and 375 nm, respectively. Good linearity and recovery were achieved. Data are reported.