Obstrução lacrimal pós-tratamento oncológico: revisão de literatura / Lacrimal drainage system obstruction after cancer treatment: a literature review

RESUMO A obstrução de via lacrimal é uma possível complicação decorrente de tratamentos oncológicos sistêmicos e locais. A epífora crônica gera grande impacto na qualidade de vida desses pacientes, e, como a fibrose terminal da via lacrimal pode necessitar de procedimentos complexos para sua resolução, é importante estarmos atentos a esse efeito adverso, com o objetivo de reconhecê-lo e tratá-lo precocemente, ou mesmo preveni-lo. Nesta revisão da literatura, os autores analisam todos os agentes quimioterápicos e radioterápicos associados à obstrução lacrimal e descrevem os mecanismos, a frequência, os tratamentos e a profilaxia. Os tratamentos oncológicos associados à obstrução lacrimal foram: radioterapia em cabeça e pescoço (dosagem acima de 45 a 75Gy), radioiodoterapia (dosagem acima de 150mCi) e quimioterapia com 5-FU, S-1, capecitabine e docetaxel. A obstrução lacrimal pode ser irreversível, e a intubação profilática das vias lacrimais é uma possibilidade descrita de tratamento profilático em casos de radioterapia e uso do 5-FU, S-1 e docetaxel. O tratamento cirúrgico de todos os casos é a dacriocistorrinostomia.

ABSTRACT Lacrimal duct obstruction can be a side effect of systemic and/or local cancer treatments. Chronic epiphora has a great impact on the quality of life of oncological patients. Since terminal fibrosis of the lacrimal system may require complex procedures, it is important to be aware of this adverse effect in order to recognize and treat it, or even prevent it. A literature review was performed to identify all types of systemic cancer treatment associated with lacrimal obstruction and to describe the mechanisms, frequency, treatment, and prophylaxis. The oncological treatments associated with lacrimal obstruction were head and neck radiotherapy (dosage above 45-75 Gy), radioiodine therapy (dosage above 150 mCi), and chemotherapy with 5-FU, S-1, Capecitabine and Docetaxel. Depending on the dose, this complication may be irreversible. Prophylactic intubation of the lacrimal system is an option for prophylaxis in cases of radiotherapy, use of 5-FU, S-1, and Docetaxel. Final surgical treatment is dacryocystorhinostomy.

Invasive squamous cell carcinomas and precursor lesions on UV-exposed epithelia demonstrate concordant genomic complexity in driver genes.

Although squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) are the most frequent human solid tumor at many anatomic sites, the driving molecular alterations underlying their progression from precursor lesions are poorly understood, especially in the context of photodamage. Therefore, we used high-depth, targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) of RNA and DNA from routine tissue samples to characterize the progression of both well- (cutaneous) and poorly (ocular) studied SCCs. We assessed 56 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) cutaneous lesions (n = 8 actinic keratosis, n = 30 carcinoma in situ [CIS], n = 18 invasive) and 43 FFPE ocular surface lesions (n = 2 conjunctival/corneal intraepithelial neoplasia, n = 20 CIS, n = 21 invasive), from institutions in the US and Brazil. An additional seven cases of advanced cutaneous SCC were profiled by hybrid capture-based NGS of >1500 genes. The cutaneous and ocular squamous neoplasms displayed a predominance of UV-signature mutations. Precursor lesions had highly similar somatic genomic landscapes to SCCs, including chromosomal gains of 3q involving SOX2, and highly recurrent mutations and/or loss of heterozygosity events affecting tumor suppressors TP53 and CDKN2A. Additionally, we identify a novel molecular subclass of CIS with RB1 mutations. Among TP53 wild-type tumors, human papillomavirus transcript was detected in one matched pair of cutaneous CIS and SCC. Amplicon-based whole-transcriptome sequencing of select 20 cutaneous lesions demonstrated significant upregulation of pro-invasion genes in cutaneous SCCs relative to precursors, including MMP1, MMP3, MMP9, LAMC2, LGALS1, and TNFRSF12A. Together, ocular and cutaneous squamous neoplasms demonstrate similar alterations, supporting a common model for neoplasia in UV-exposed epithelia. Treatment modalities useful for cutaneous SCC may also be effective in ocular SCC given the genetic similarity between these tumor types. Importantly, in both systems, precursor lesions possess the full complement of major genetic changes seen in SCC, supporting non-genetic drivers of invasiveness.

[Vascularization in hepatic cirrhosis: an immunohistochemical study on necropsies]. / Vascularização na cirrose hepática: estudo imunoistoquímico baseado em necropsias.

BACKGROUND: Fibrosis has been the most cited variable in cirrhosis, but major alterations in hepatic vascularization have been pointed as basic elements in the physiopathology of the illness and its complications as portal hypertension, hepatic failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: The present study aims at assessing microvascular density in 35 cases of necropsies of cirrhotic patients by immunohistochemical detection of endothelial marker CD34, comparing semi-quantification with morphometric quantitative method, also searching for a possible relation of vascular alterations with the main causal agents, injury patterns and major clinical complications. RESULTS: A significant association was detected between semi-quantitative and quantitative approach of microvessel density in parenchyma, but not in septa. No significant association was detected between neovascularization and any specific clinical complication of cirrhosis. Under our standpoint, the main achievement of the present study was the demonstration that the vascular neoformation in hepatic parenchyma is significantly higher in cirrhosis associated with chronic hepatitis than in cirrhosis resulting from steatohepatitis. CONCLUSION: These findings require further clinical studies to assess the hypothesis that the rearrangement of liver microcirculation through the detection of CD34 might be relevant in prognostic assessment of cirrhotic patients.

Vascularização na cirrose hepática: estudo imunoistoquímico baseado em necropsias / Vascularization in hepatic cirrhosis: an immunohistochemical study on necropsies

RACIONAL: O processo patológico mais discutido na gênese da cirrose hepática é a fibrose progressiva, porém alterações na vasculatura do órgão têm sido apontadas como elementos fundamentais na fisiopatologia da doença e de suas complicações, como hipertensão portal, insuficiência hepática e carcinoma hepatocelular. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a densidade microvascular em 35 casos de necropsias de pacientes com cirrose hepática mediante pesquisa imunoistoquímica do marcador endotelial CD34 a fim de comparar os informes obtidos mediante semi-quantificação com aqueles registrados por método quantitativo morfométrico, além de relacionar as alterações vasculares encontradas com os principais agentes causais, padrões de lesão e complicações clínicas da doença. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 35 casos de cirrose obtidos retrospectivamente de necropsias realizadas no SVOC/USP no período de março de 2002 a junho de 2003. Os casos foram reagrupados segundo padrão anatomopatológico em esteatohepatite e hepatite crônica. A microvasculatura foi avaliada através da reação imunoistoquímica com anticorpo anti-endotelio clone CD34, QBend. RESULTADOS: Observou-se associação significativa entre a abordagem semi-quantitativa e a quantificação morfométrica da densidade de vasos no parênquima, o mesmo não ocorrendo no septo. Não foram detectadas associações específicas entre a neovascularização e os tipos de complicação da hepatopatia aqui estudados. O principal achado foi que a neoformação vascular no parênquima é significantemente maior nas cirroses associadas a hepatites crônicas do que nas esteatohepatites. CONCLUSÃO: Todos esses achados requerem necessários estudos clínicos para avaliar a hipótese de que o estudo do rearranjo da microcirculação hepática, através de marcadores como o CD34, pode ser fator prognóstico em pacientes cirróticos.

BAKGROUND: Fibrosis has been the most cited variable in cirrhosis, but major alterations in hepatic vascularization have been pointed as basic elements in the physiopathology of the illness and its complications as portal hypertension, hepatic failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: The present study aims at assessing microvascular density in 35 cases of necropsies of cirrhotic patients by immunohistochemical detection of endothelial marker CD34, comparing semi-quantification with morphometric quantitative method, also searching for a possible relation of vascular alterations with the main causal agents, injury patterns and major clinical complications. RESULTS: A significant association was detected between semi-quantitative and quantitative approach of microvessel density in parenchyma, but not in septa. No significant association was detected between neovascularization and any specific clinical complication of cirrhosis. Under our standpoint, the main achievement of the present study was the demonstration that the vascular neoformation in hepatic parenchyma is significantly higher in cirrhosis associated with chronic hepatitis than in cirrhosis resulting from steatohepatitis. CONCLUSION: These findings require further clinical studies to assess the hypothesis that the rearrangement of liver microcirculation through the detection of CD34 might be relevant in prognostic assessment of cirrhotic patients.