Occurrence of parasitism promoted by Myzobdella lugubris Leidy, 1851 (Annelida: Piscicolidae) in Callinectes bocourti (Crustacea: Portunidae): A report of invasive leech in Brazilian Amazon province.

This study reports the presence of high parasitic load by Myzobdella lugubris Leidy, 1851 in the swimming crab Callinectes bocourti A. Milne-Edwards, 1879 from Amazon mangrove. We sampled the swimming crabs using a baited trap, between January and June 2023, in Santa Maria River, located in the municipality of Curuçá, state of Pará, Brazil (geographical coordinates 0°40'3.705"S, 047°54'43.405"W). After sampling, each swimming crab was individually placed in plastic containers for the count of leeches per individual. In the laboratory, the specimens were sexed, measured (parasite and host) and fixed in 70% alcohol. For the leech species identification, macroscopic techniques were combined with light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We examined 86 specimens of C. bocourti (75 males and 11 females) in a ratio of 1 M:0.14 F, all infested with leeches. In total, 186 leech specimens were collected, ranging from 1 to 21 leeches per host. Leeches oviposited the cocoons in greater quantities in ventral area of swimming crab carapace (32%), followed by dorsal area of carapace (29.09%), chelipeds (24.34%) and ambulatory legs (14.57%). The presence of M. lugubris is a risk to the health of the host, once it may transmit a range of diseases to aquatic organisms, and subsequently risk to human health.

Theory and practice in the context of health promotion program evaluation.

Evaluation of health promotion (HP) actions is a major challenge, generating inquiries and reflections that can contribute on the effectiveness of the actions themselves. With the aim on fostering exchange on monitoring and evaluation experiences related to the implementation of healthy settings, the 1 st Brazilian Seminar on Health Promotion Effectiveness was launched in 2005. The program included round table and workshops known as Working Groups (WG) in Brazil. The criteria used to constitute the workshops focused settings as spaces of circulation and living as an intrinsic connection to lifestyles and conditions, as well as to social and/or environmental risk factors associated with groups living in these settings day after day. Focusing on evaluation as an activity that generates knowledge, this article highlights and stimulates the discussion about some major issues arising from the theoretical-methodological approach and the discussions developed in the workshops. The debates carried out during the Seminar illustrated the different perceptions and views of the social players involved in implementation and evaluation of H P practices, disclosing a multiplicity of meanings. It became clear that procedures are needed to document a future maturation of concepts and methods, in combination with further in-depth theoretical discussion.

Theory and practice in the context of health promotion program evaluation

La evaluación de las acciones de promoción de la salud es un desafío de primer orden, que suscita interrogantes y reflexiones cuyo contenido puede contribuir a la efectividad de las propias acciones. Con el fin de promover el intercambio de experiencias de seguimiento y evaluación en relación con la implementación de entornos saludables, se organizó el Primer Seminario Brasileño sobre efectividad de la Promoción de la Salud em 2005. El programa incluía mesas redondas y talleres denominados grupos de trabajo en Brasil. Los criterios utilizados para organizar los talleres se concentraron en los entornos, entanto que espacios de tránsito y de vida intrinsicamente vinculados a los estilos y condiciones de vida, así como en los factores de riesgo sociales y medioambientales asociados a los grupos que viven en dichos entornos día tras dia. Este artículo trata sobre la evaluación en tanto que actividad que genera conocimientos, y subraya y estimula el debate en torno a algunas de las principales cuestiones que surgen del enfoque teórico-metodológico y de las discusiones que tuvieron lugar en los talleres. Todo lo que se habló en el transcurso del Seminario ilustró las diversas percepciones y puntos de vista de los actores sociales implicados en la aplicación y en la evaluación de las prácticas de la promoción de la salud, que desvelaron la multiplicidad de significados que encierran. Quedó claro que se precisan procedimientos para documentar la maduración de conceptos y métodos, sin olvidar la necesidad de profundizar en el debate teórico.(AU)