ABSTRACT
This article discusses the relationship between science and the cerrado during the period spanning the publication of a text by Eugenius Warming (1892) and an article by Rawitscher, Ferri, and Rachid (1943), botanists at the University of São Paulo. Warming stated that scarce water resources affected the formation of the characteristic vegetation and low soil fertility in these regions. Arrojado Lisboa, Alberto Sampaio, Philipe Vasconcelos, and Barbosa de Oliveira proposed a variety of plans for economic exploitation of the cerrado. The article from 1943 indicated the rich water resources in the region, which helped to boost agricultural experiments. This article especially emphasizes studies on the diversity of vegetation in the regions containing cerrado-type vegetation formations and debates on the (in)fertility of these soils for large-scale farming.
Aborda a relação entre ciência e cerrado no período entre a publicação do livro de Eugenius Warming (1892) e artigo de Rawitscher, Ferri e Rachid (1943), botânicos da Universidade de São Paulo. Warming afirmou que a escassez de recursos hídricos influenciou na formação da vegetação característica e na baixa fertilidade dos solos. Arrojado Lisboa, Alberto Sampaio, Philipe Vasconcelos e Barbosa de Oliveira propuseram projetos diversificados sobre o aproveitamento econômico do cerrado. Já o artigo de 1943 apontou para a riqueza dos recursos hídricos na região, influenciando o aumento de experimentos agrícolas. Este texto enfatiza principalmente o levantamento da diversidade da vegetação dos cerrados e os debates sobre a (in)fertilidade dos solos para cultivo em larga escala.
ABSTRACT
Resumo Aborda a relação entre ciência e cerrado no período entre a publicação do livro de Eugenius Warming (1892) e artigo de Rawitscher, Ferri e Rachid (1943), botânicos da Universidade de São Paulo. Warming afirmou que a escassez de recursos hídricos influenciou na formação da vegetação característica e na baixa fertilidade dos solos. Arrojado Lisboa, Alberto Sampaio, Philipe Vasconcelos e Barbosa de Oliveira propuseram projetos diversificados sobre o aproveitamento econômico do cerrado. Já o artigo de 1943 apontou para a riqueza dos recursos hídricos na região, influenciando o aumento de experimentos agrícolas. Este texto enfatiza principalmente o levantamento da diversidade da vegetação dos cerrados e os debates sobre a (in)fertilidade dos solos para cultivo em larga escala.
Abstract This article discusses the relationship between science and the cerrado during the period spanning the publication of a text by Eugenius Warming (1892) and an article by Rawitscher, Ferri, and Rachid (1943), botanists at the University of São Paulo. Warming stated that scarce water resources affected the formation of the characteristic vegetation and low soil fertility in these regions. Arrojado Lisboa, Alberto Sampaio, Philipe Vasconcelos, and Barbosa de Oliveira proposed a variety of plans for economic exploitation of the cerrado. The article from 1943 indicated the rich water resources in the region, which helped to boost agricultural experiments. This article especially emphasizes studies on the diversity of vegetation in the regions containing cerrado-type vegetation formations and debates on the (in)fertility of these soils for large-scale farming.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Grassland , Water Insecurity , Soil , Brazil , Water Resources , InfertilityABSTRACT
Este artículo discute la actuación de la Asociación Internacional Americana para el Desarrollo Social y Económico (AIA) en Brasil. La acción de la AIA se caracterizó por un intenso proceso de negociación entre 1946 y 1961. Contemporánea de la emergente ideología de la modernización, la AIA estudió los posibles proyectos adecuados para la América Latina, en especial Brasil y Venezuela. Inspirada en las experiencias norteamericanas del crédito rural, el extensionismo, entre otras estrategias de desarrollo, la agencia procuró adaptar estos modelos a las condiciones locales, partiendo de la base de que, desde el punto de vista de la AIA, los proyectos exitosos en Estados Unidos, si fueran adaptados, tendrían también éxito en los países en desarrollo. Sin embargo, las experiencias en la provincia brasileña de Minas Gerais demostraron grandes dificultades de ejecución (AU)
It aims to discuss the work of American International Association for Economic and Social Development (AIA) in Brazil. AIAs work was characterized for a intense process of negotiation with local governments between 1946 and 1961. Contemporary to the rise of the ideology of modernization, AIA introduced some projects which were considered suitable for Latin America, as Brazil and Venezuela in special. Following the American experiences in supervised credit and extension work, this agency tried to adapt this models to local conditions, interpreting that successful projects earlier developed in United States could be also successful in Latin America. On the other hand, these set of experiences in Brazilian states like Minas Gerais had strong difficulties to be developed (AU)
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , Organizational Modernization , Agriculture/economics , Agriculture/history , Social Planning/economics , Social Planning/history , Science/economics , Science/history , International Cooperation/history , Technical Cooperation , Brazil , Organizational Affiliation/economics , Organizational Affiliation/history , Organizational Affiliation/standards , Science/legislation & jurisprudence , Science/organization & administration , Science/standards , United StatesABSTRACT
Analisa a bibliografia sobre Nelson Rockefeller e a atuação no Brasil da American International Association for Economic and Social Development. Expõe interpretações otimistas sobre as ações de Rockefeller e da agência, bem como a corrente de pensamento que o caracterizou como um dos principais representantes do imperialismo norte-americano, seja como representante político na década de 1960, seja como idealizador de atividades de interesse privado. Procura demonstrar que as ações individuais ou da agência coadunavam com as elites locais, que influenciavam o remodelamento e a operacionalização dos projetos de cooperação técnica.
The article analyzes the bibliography on Nelson Rockefeller and the activities of the American International Association for Economic and Social Development in Brazil. It describes optimistic interpretations of Rockefeller's and the association's work, as well as the nationalist stream of thought, which characterized him as one of the chief representatives of U.S. imperialism, both as a political representative in the 1960s and as the mind behind endeavors of interest to the private sector. It is shown that at the individual and agency levels alike, these initiatives involved direct ties to the local elites, who influenced the reshaping and operationalization of technical cooperation projects.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 20th Century , Technical Cooperation , Charities , Biobibliography , Government Programs , International Cooperation , United States , Brazil , Latin AmericaABSTRACT
The article analyzes the bibliography on Nelson Rockefeller and the activities of the American International Association for Economic and Social Development in Brazil. It describes optimistic interpretations of Rockefeller's and the association's work, as well as the nationalist stream of thought, which characterized him as one of the chief representatives of U.S. imperialism, both as a political representative in the 1960s and as the mind behind endeavors of interest to the private sector. It is shown that at the individual and agency levels alike, these initiatives involved direct ties to the local elites, who influenced the reshaping and operationalization of technical cooperation projects.
