ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the pain of critically ill newborns is a challenge because of the devices for cardiorespiratory support. This study aim to verify the adults' gaze when assessing the critically ill neonates' pain at bedside. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study in which pediatricians, nursing technicians, and parents evaluated critically ill neonates' pain at bedside, for 20 seconds with eye-tracking glasses. At the end, they answered whether the neonate was in pain or not. Visual tracking outcomes: number and time of visual fixations in four areas of interest (AOI) (face, trunk, and upper [UL] and lower [LL] limbs) were compared between groups and according to pain perception (present/absent). RESULTS: A total of 62 adults (21 pediatricians, 23 nursing technicians, 18 parents) evaluated 27 neonates (gestational age: 31.8 ± 4.4 weeks; birth weight: 1,645 ± 1,234 g). More adults fixed their gaze on the face (96.8%) and trunk (96.8%), followed by UL (74.2%) and LL (66.1%). Parents performed a greater number of fixations on the trunk than nursing technicians (11.0 vs. 5.5 vs. 6.0; p = 0.023). Controlled for visual tracking variables, each second of eye fixation in AOI (1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.42; p = 0.018) and UL (1.07; 95% CI: 1.03-1.10; p < 0.001) increased the chance of perceiving the presence of pain. CONCLUSION: Adults, when assessing at bedside critically ill newborns' pain, fixed their eyes mainly on the face and trunk. The time spent looking at the UL was associated with the perception of pain presence. KEY POINTS: · Pain assessment in critically ill newborns is a challenge.. · To assess critically ill neonates' pain, adults mainly look at the face and trunk.. · Looking at the upper limbs also helps in assessing critically ill neonates' pain..
ABSTRACT
The objective of this work was to characterize the delignification effluent originating from the delignification industry and evaluate the combination of the fungus and photocatalytic process (TiO(2)/UV system) for the treatment of this effluent. The delignification effluent has proven harmful to the environment because it presents high color (3516 CU), total phenol (876 mg/L) and TOC (1599 mg/L) and is also highly toxic even in a low concentration. The results of photocatalysis were 11%, 25% and 13% higher for reductions in color, total phenol and TOC, respectively. The combined treatments presented benefits when compared to the non-combined treatments. Fungus and photocatalysis in combination proved to be the best treatment, reducing the color, total phenol, toxicity (inhibition of Escherichia coli growth) and TOC by 94.2%, 92.6%, 4.9% and 62%, respectively.
Subject(s)
Collodion/chemistry , Fungi/physiology , Photochemistry/methods , Water Purification/methods , Biodegradation, Environmental , Bioreactors , Carbon/chemistry , Catalysis , Industrial Waste , Industry/methods , Phenol/chemistry , Phenols , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet/methods , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods , Water Pollutants, ChemicalABSTRACT
Twelve strains of filamentous fungi, most of them belonging to the Deuteromycetes class, were isolated from activated sludge adapted to the delignification effluent from a nitrocellulose industry and screened to be used in the treatment of the effluent. The screening experiment was carried out using the effluent without co-substrate, treated for 120 h and pH 5. Aspergillus 2BNL1, Aspergillus 1AAL1 and Lentinus edodes UEC 2019 showed the highest effluent color reduction rates between 83% and 95%. The white-rot fungus L. edodes UEC 2019 was used as the control for the decolorization. In addition to color reduction, total phenol was also reduced in 56% and 79% by Aspergillus 2BNL1 and L. edodes UEC 2019, respectively. A kinetic experiment showed that Aspergillus 2BNL1 and Aspergillus 1AAL1 reduced the effluent color in the range of 81-95% at the first 24 h while L. edodes required 72 h to achieve a similar result. UV/Visible spectra revealed that all fungi treatments were able to decrease the chromophore compounds present in the effluent, except Aspergillus 1AAL1 that increased the UV absorptions. The molar weight distribution analysis showed that the three fungi were able to change the pattern of the effluent chromatogram, probably by degradation of the high molecular weight compounds.
