ABSTRACT
O leite e derivados são reconhecidos como veículos de patógenos para humanos, secundário a contaminação pós-ordenha ou de infecções do próprio animal, particularmente na mastite. Foi estudada a ocorrência de mastite e aspectos do manejo em cabras de três propriedades criadas em sistema orgânico. O exame clínico da glândula mamária de 64 cabras em diferentes períodos de lactação, não acusou a presença de mastite clínica. Entretanto, o Califórnia Mastitis Test (CMT) identificou 54 (22,7 por cento) metades mamárias reagentes (+ ou ++). Foram colhidas 238 amostras de leite, das quais houve isolamento bacteriano em 37 (15,6 por cento). Em apenas oito amostras houve coincidência entre o isolamento bacteriano e o resultado do CMT, indicando sensibilidade de 21,6 por cento para este teste no diagnóstico de mastite subclínica em caprinos. Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (SCN) foi o microrganismo mais freqüente (83,8 por cento). O teste de sensibilidade microbiana in vitro revelou resistência das linhagens de SCN ao cotrimoxazol (50 por cento), ampicilina (48,1 por cento), nitrofurantoína (7,7 por cento), cefaclor (7,14 por cento) e oxacilina (3,85 por cento). Cefalotina, gentamicina, neomicina, estreptomicina e tetraciclina foram os antimicrobianos mais efetivos frente aos isolados. Não se evidenciou relação entre a ocorrência de mastite subclínica com a raça, a fase de lactação, sistema de ordenha ou qualidade da água utilizada nas propriedades.
Milk and derivates are recognized as vehicle of different pathogens for humans. These micoorganisms may manifest as post-milking contamination or as in infections in the animal itself, particularly in mastitis. The aim of present study was characterizes the occurrence of mastitis and management aspects in dairy-goats raised in three farms of organic milk. The correlation between mastitis and goat husbandry was also investigated. The clinical exam of the mammary glands of 64 dairy-goats did not reveal the presence of clinical mastitis. Nevertheless, the California Mastitis Test (CMT) identified 54 (22.7 percent) reactive mammary halves (+ or ++). From 238 milk samples collected, 37 (15.6 percent) were positive for bacterial isolates. Coincident positive results for bacterial isolate tests and CMT were observed in only eight samples, which indicate a sensitivity index of 21.6 percent for the caprine subclinical mastitis diagnosis test. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were identified as the most frequent pathogen in milk samples (83.8 percent). The in vitro sensitivity test revealed CNS strains resistant to cotrimoxazole (50 percent), ampicillin (48.1 percent), nitrofurantoine (7.7 percent), cefaclor (7.14 percent), and oxacilline (3.85 percent). Cefalotine, gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline were the most effective drugs. No correlation was observed between the occurrence of subclinical mastitis and race, lactation period, drinking water quality in farms, or milking system as adopted in the present study.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Food, Organic/microbiology , Goats/microbiology , Milk/microbiology , Mastitis/veterinary , Goat Diseases/microbiology , Mastitis/epidemiology , Staphylococcus/pathogenicityABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Dealing with genetic inconsistencies in parentage testing, especially in motherless cases, remains a continual difficulty. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Four difficult cases, comprising two trios and two duos, were selected from routine parentage testing casework. In these, relatively low combined paternity indices were observed as a result of few discrepant loci that were treated as being due to paternal mutations. An additional eight short tandem repeat (STR) loci along the X chromosome were studied in the alleged father and female child to try and help resolve these cases. RESULTS: In all four cases, the X chromosome haplotypes in the alleged father were different from those in the child, showing decisively that the alleged father could be excluded from being the biologic father of the child. CONCLUSION: In recent times the study of X chromosome haplotypes has been shown to be useful in parentage testing where the alleged father is absent and where only his close relatives are available for testing. This work demonstrates that such studies can also prove valuable in the testing of standard trios and duos in cases where there only a few genetic inconsistencies amongst the loci tested, making it difficult to distinguish between paternal mutations and a close relative of the alleged father being the biologic father.
