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1.
Environ Int ; 154: 106664, 2021 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34082237

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: To control the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, countries around the world implemented lockdowns with varying intensities. Lockdowns, however, have been associated with a deterioration of mental health, including post-traumatic stress symptoms, anger and anxiety. Exposure to nature might reduce stress and provide relaxation opportunities. OBJECTIVE: Firstly, we aimed to determine which sociodemographic, housing and lockdown-related characteristics were associated with changes in exposure to nature during the COVID-19 lockdown in Portugal and Spain. Secondly, we sought to estimate the associations of these changes with mental health, and test whether these associations differed according to sociodemographic characteristics and between the two countries, which experienced different restrictions and epidemiological situations. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March 27 and May 6, 2020, using an online questionnaire to measure changes in exposure to nature (including private green space and other greenery, views of nature from home and public natural spaces); sociodemographic, housing and lockdown-related characteristics; stress levels (visual stress scale); psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire - 12 items) and somatization (somatization scale). Adjusted regression models were fitted to estimate associations. RESULTS: This study included 3157 participants (1638 from Portugal, 1519 from Spain). In Portugal, maintaining/increasing the use of public natural spaces during the lockdown was associated with lower levels of stress (adjusted beta -0.29; 95%CI -0.49, -0.08) and maintaining/increasing the frequency of viewing nature from home was associated with reduced psychological distress (0.27; -0.51, -0.03), somatization (-0.79; -1.39, -0.20), and stress levels (-0.48; -0.74, -0.23). In Spain, maintaining/increasing contact with private green space and greenery was associated with lower stress levels: for contact with indoor plants (-0.52; -0.96, -0.07) and for use of private community green spaces (-0.82; -1.61, -0.03). CONCLUSION: Exposure to nature was associated with better mental health outcomes during lockdowns, but the natural features associated with improved mental health differed between the two countries. Nature should be incorporated into urban planning interventions and housing design and exposure to nature should be promoted during lockdowns.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Communicable Disease Control , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depression , Humans , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Portugal , SARS-CoV-2 , Spain
2.
Acta Med Port ; 33(10): 649-656, 2020 Oct 01.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33135620

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Scientific evidence regarding children's understanding of the concept of death is scarce. This has recently been pointed out by the International Children's Palliative Care Network as a priority area of research. In particular, the avoidance of emotion in this area of research is an important shortcoming. This study aims to develop an in-depth view of the emotional dimension of the child's understanding of death, also seeking to relate it to the cognitive dimension. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We interviewed children (three to six years old) using a book illustrating a hypothetical scenario in which a child faced the death of a relative. We asked questions to assess the cognitive subconcepts of death and the emotional dimension (what the child would feel and what parents should say). RESULTS: Of the 54 participants, the majority said that the child would feel sad (n = 46, 85%) and that parents should inform her/him (n = 47, 87%); these responses did not vary significantly with age. The cognitive understanding of the concept of death in children who reported sadness was significantly higher. DISCUSSION: Even the youngest children feel death, and it is not possible to disconnect cognitive and emotional understanding. Additionally, children should be informed in order to foster a proper and multidimensional elaboration of death. CONCLUSION: This study provides valuable information to health professionals and other interested adults about the way preschoolers position themselves in relation to death.


Introdução: É ainda parca a evidência científica quanto ao entendimento que as crianças têm sobre o conceito de morte, recentemente apontado pela International Children's Palliative Care Network como área prioritária de investigação. Em particular, a evicção da emoção nesta área de investigação é uma lacuna importante. Este estudo visa desenvolver uma visão aprofundada da dimensão emocional da compreensão da morte pela criança, procurando, também, relacioná-la com a dimensão cognitiva.Material e Métodos: Entrevistámos crianças (três a seis anos), com recurso a um livro ilustrando o cenário hipotético em que uma criança se deparava com a de morte de um familiar. Colocámos questões para avaliar os subconceitos cognitivos da morte e a dimensão emocional (o que sentiria a criança e o que lhe devia ser dito pelos pais).Resultados: Dos 54 participantes, a maioria disse que a criança se sentiria triste (n = 46, 85%) e que os pais deveriam informá-la (n = 47, 87%); estas respostas não variaram significativamente com a idade. A compreensão cognitiva do conceito de morte das crianças que referiram a tristeza foi significativamente superior.Discussão: Mesmo as crianças mais pequenas sentem a morte, não sendo possível desligar as compreensões cognitiva e emocional. Adicionalmente, as crianças devem ser informadas, com vista a uma elaboração adequada e multidimensional da morte.Conclusão: Este estudo fornece informação valiosa aos profissionais de saúde e outros adultos interessados sobre a forma como a criança em idade pré-escolar se posiciona em relação à morte.


Subject(s)
Attitude to Death , Death , Emotions , Parents , Child , Child, Preschool , Concept Formation , Educational Status , Female , Humans , Interviews as Topic , Male , Palliative Care
3.
Rev. bioét. (Impr.) ; 23(3): 475-484, 2015.
Article in Spanish, English | LILACS | ID: lil-768364

ABSTRACT

A aprovação da extensão da prática da eutanásia a menores de idade em 2014, pela Bélgica, reacendeu o debate internacional sobre as decisões médicas em fim de vida em crianças. De fato, a medicina nem sempre tem resposta para a doença grave de uma criança. No entanto, será a eutanásia uma solução equacionável? Partindo da realidade belga, este artigo analisa a premência da nova legislação, considerando, por um lado, a capacidade crescente de autodeterminação das crianças e, por outro, a sua falta de “experiência de vida”, não esquecendo argumentos clássicos que contrariam a prática da eutanásia, como o desrespeito pelo valor da vida humana e a eventual concretização do argumento da ladeira escorregadia. Uma solução óbvia passa pela realização de cuidados paliativos apropriados. Todavia, sendo escassa a evidência sobre a qualidade dos cuidados pediátricos em fim de vida, é necessária investigação adicional para que se possam formular e propor políticas públicas adequadas a respeito da matéria...


By extending its euthanasia law to minors in 2014, Belgium has fuelled the international debate on this issue. In fact, Medicine does not always have something to offer when it comes to a child’s serious disease. Nevertheless, should euthanasia be considered a viable solution? Keeping in mind the Belgian reality, this article analyses the relevance of the new law, considering, on one hand, children’s growing self-determination capacity and, on the other hand, their lack of “life experience”. Let’s not forget, in addition, classical arguments against euthanasia, such as the disrespect for the value of human life and the eventual approaching of the slippery slope. An obvious solution for this problem is the implementation of a proper palliative care system. However, evidence about the quality of pediatric end-of-life care is scarce. Therefore, additional investigation is necessary in order to formulate and propose an appropriate public policy on the matter...


La aprobación de la práctica de la extensión de la eutanasia a menores en 2014 por Bélgica ha reavivado el debate internacional sobre las decisiones médicas en el fin de la vida de los niños. De hecho, la medicina no siempre ha de responder a la enfermedad grave de un hijo. Sin embargo, ¿debería considerarse la eutanasia como una solución viable? Partiendo de la realidad belga, este artículo analiza la emergencia de la nueva ley: considerando, por un lado, la creciente capacidad de autodeterminación de los niños y, en segundo lugar, su falta de “experiencia de vida”, sin olvidar los clásicos argumentos que contradicen la práctica de la eutanasia, como el desprecio por el valor de la vida humana y la eventual realización de “rampa de deslizamiento”. Una solución obvia es implementar los cuidados paliativos adecuados. Sin embargo, puesto que las pruebas sobre la calidad de la atención con el fin de la vida pediátrica son escasas, se requiere investigación adicional para poder formular y proponer políticas públicas adecuadas en esta área...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Bioethics , Child , Child Advocacy , Catastrophic Illness , Euthanasia , Legislation as Topic , Health Personnel , Decision Making , Ethics, Medical , Palliative Care , Hospitalization , Death , Public Policy , Pharmacological Phenomena
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