How do replanted mangroves affect phosphorus dynamics in their soils?

Phosphorus is a limiting element for the productivity of mangroves, which in turn are important ecosystems in regulating nutrients cycle and climate change by sequestering carbon (C). Despite this, there is an intense process of degradation in these environments. In addition to providing socio-environmental services, mangrove replanting can also alter the dynamics of nutrients in soils. Therefore, this study aims to understand the changes in soil phosphorus (P) fractions after a mangrove restoration. Soil samples from an unvegetated area (NV), a mature mangrove (R) and 7 and 9 year old replanted mangroves at SE-Brazil (APA Guapi-mirim, Rio de Janeiro state) were collected and analyzed to characterize the redox conditions (Eh), pH, and iron (Fe) fractionation, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) contents and P fractionation (exchangeable P; P associated with reducible Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides; associated with Al silicates and hydroxides; associated with humic acids; associated with Ca and Mg; associated with humin). The results indicate an increase in TOC as the age of the mangrove restoration increases (from 8.6 to 17.9%). The pH values were significantly lower, reaching very acidic values, associated with an increase in Eh. Both parameters also showed strong seasonal variation, with a drop in Eh during the wet period (from 165% to -46%) and an increase in pH in the same period (from 6.0 to 6.7). Regarding P fractionation, the main P pool was organic P forms, which showed the highest concentrations in all studied sites. Unvegetated areas showed higher organic P forms (NV: 108.8 µg g-1) than vegetated areas (M7: 55.7 µg g-1, M9: 83.6 µg g-1, R: 87.3 µg g-1). Vegetated sites also showed lower levels of the PEx, PFeMn and Papatite fractions (total forest mean: 2.4 µg g-1, 5.8 µg g-1, 3.0 µg g-1, respectively). Besides no clear trend on P fractionation through seasons and forest age, pseudo-total P increased following the forest recovery (e.g. M7

A Rede de Atenção às Urgências e Emergências no Brasil: revisão integrativa da literatura / Urgent and emergency care networks in Brazil: an integrative review

Resumo A Rede de Atenção às Urgências e Emergências (RUE) foi proposta enquanto política pública com a finalidade de articular e integrar os serviços assistenciais do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), ampliando e qualificando o acesso dos usuários em situação de urgência e emergência em saúde de forma ágil e oportuna. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a produção científica sobre a política da RUE no Brasil e elaborar sínteses demonstrando seus limites e desafios. Utilizou-se como método a revisão integrativa de literatura, a partir da busca de artigos nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO e MEDLINE e de dissertações e teses na plataforma virtual da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes). A pesquisa possibilitou a análise de 34 estudos do campo da saúde coletiva, com enfoque nos diferentes serviços de urgência e a integração entre eles, incluindo possíveis transformações no processo de cuidado em saúde e distintas estratégias de avaliação, por meio de diferentes abordagens, principalmente qualitativas. São observadas fragilidades na articulação em rede, com manutenção da centralidade do componente hospitalar e o poder de seu capital simbólico, ficando a Atenção Básica relegada ao campo discursivo.

Abstract The Urgent and Emergency Care Network (RUE) was proposed in Brazil as a public policy to articulate and integrate the health services of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS), expanding and qualifying the access of users in e emergency health situations in an efficient and timely manner. This study analyzes the scientific production on the RUE in Brazil and elaborates summaries showing the limits and challenges of this health policy. An integrative literature review was used as a method, based on the search for articles in the LILACS, SciELO, and MEDLINE databases and for dissertations and theses on the virtual platform of the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). The investigation enabled the analysis of 34 studies in the field of collective health, focused on the different emergency services and the integration between them, including possible changes in the health care process and different evaluation strategies, by using different approaches, mainly qualitative. Weaknesses are observed in the network articulation, maintaining the centrality of hospital services and the power of its symbolic capital, with primary care being relegated to the discursive field.

Chaos, organization and creativity: integrative review on Health Care Networks. / Caos, organização e criatividade: revisão integrativa sobre as Redes de Atenção à Saúde.

Since 2010, the organization of the Brazilian Unified Health System has as its main model the Health Care Networks, based on the Integrated Health Service Networks recommended by the Pan American Health Organization. This study aims to analyze the scientific production on Health Care Networks the integrative literature review method. The research was conducted in databases using the descriptors: Health Care Network and its counterparts in Portuguese and Spanish. A total of 27 articles were selected, including conceptual studies, case reports, implementation analyses and evaluation studies. The analysis of the publications evidenced five cores of meaning: the Health Care Network paradigm; Primary Care as network coordinator; regionalization, networks and regional governance; network care; and challenges for implementation. The results of this review point to two central questions: how to overcome the fragmentation of care, ensuring integrality, composing health care networks from distinct theoretical conceptions? And how can the production of care networks impact inter-federative relations, the financing process, the access to the system and the quality of health care processes?

A partir de 2010 a organização do Sistema Único de Saúde tem como principal modelo as Redes de Atenção à Saúde (RAS), fundamentadas nas Redes Integradas de Serviços de Saúde preconizadas pela Organização Panamericana de Saúde. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a produção científica sobre as RAS através do método de revisão integrativa da literatura. A pesquisa deu-se em bases de dados utilizando-se dos descritores: Rede de Atenção à Saúde e seus congêneres em inglês e espanhol. Foram selecionados 27 artigos incluindo estudos conceituais, relatos de casos, análises de implementação e estudos de avaliação. A análise das publicações evidenciou cinco núcleos de sentido: O paradigma das RAS; A Atenção Básica como coordenadora das RAS; Regionalização, redes e governança regional; O cuidado em rede; e, Desafios para implementação das RAS. Os resultados dessa revisão apontam para duas questões centrais: Como superar a fragmentação do cuidado, garantindo a integralidade, compondo as redes de atenção à saúde a partir de concepções teóricas distintas? E, como a produção das redes de cuidado pode impactar nas relações interfederativas, no processo de financiamento, no acesso ao sistema e na qualidade dos processos de cuidado em saúde?

Caos, organização e criatividade: revisão integrativa sobre as Redes de Atenção à Saúde / Chaos, organization and creativity: integrative review on Health Care Networks

Resumo A partir de 2010 a organização do Sistema Único de Saúde tem como principal modelo as Redes de Atenção à Saúde (RAS), fundamentadas nas Redes Integradas de Serviços de Saúde preconizadas pela Organização Panamericana de Saúde. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a produção científica sobre as RAS através do método de revisão integrativa da literatura. A pesquisa deu-se em bases de dados utilizando-se dos descritores: Rede de Atenção à Saúde e seus congêneres em inglês e espanhol. Foram selecionados 27 artigos incluindo estudos conceituais, relatos de casos, análises de implementação e estudos de avaliação. A análise das publicações evidenciou cinco núcleos de sentido: O paradigma das RAS; A Atenção Básica como coordenadora das RAS; Regionalização, redes e governança regional; O cuidado em rede; e, Desafios para implementação das RAS. Os resultados dessa revisão apontam para duas questões centrais: Como superar a fragmentação do cuidado, garantindo a integralidade, compondo as redes de atenção à saúde a partir de concepções teóricas distintas? E, como a produção das redes de cuidado pode impactar nas relações interfederativas, no processo de financiamento, no acesso ao sistema e na qualidade dos processos de cuidado em saúde?

Abstract Since 2010, the organization of the Brazilian Unified Health System has as its main model the Health Care Networks, based on the Integrated Health Service Networks recommended by the Pan American Health Organization. This study aims to analyze the scientific production on Health Care Networks the integrative literature review method. The research was conducted in databases using the descriptors: Health Care Network and its counterparts in Portuguese and Spanish. A total of 27 articles were selected, including conceptual studies, case reports, implementation analyses and evaluation studies. The analysis of the publications evidenced five cores of meaning: the Health Care Network paradigm; Primary Care as network coordinator; regionalization, networks and regional governance; network care; and challenges for implementation. The results of this review point to two central questions: how to overcome the fragmentation of care, ensuring integrality, composing health care networks from distinct theoretical conceptions? And how can the production of care networks impact inter-federative relations, the financing process, the access to the system and the quality of health care processes?

Médicos e hiperutilizadores de baixo risco em emergências: implicações éticas / Physicians and low-risk frequent users in emergency services: ethical implications / Médicos e hiperfrecuentadores de bajo riesgo en urgencias: implicaciones éticas

Resumo É crescente a demanda de usuários com problemas de baixa complexidade clínica que procuram serviços hospitalares de urgência e emergência frequentemente. Essa hiperutilização dos serviços impõe dilemas éticos aos médicos e demais profissionais. O presente estudo analisa as implicações éticas do encontro entre médicos e usuários hiperutilizadores em uma unidade universitária. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa desenvolvida por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com médicos e pacientes hiperutilizadores de baixo risco clínico e observação de campo etnográfica. Observou-se que os profissionais tendem a estigmatizar a demanda desses usuários. Já os usuários demonstram satisfação com os médicos, mas descontentamento com a atenção básica e especializada ambulatorial. Conclui-se que a hiperutilização gera conflitos ético-profissionais decorrentes sobretudo da estigmatização dos pacientes pelos médicos. Apesar disso, os hiperutilizadores se sentem satisfeitos com o atendimento, o que os motiva a continuar frequentando os serviços com frequência.

Abstract There is an increasing demand for Emergency Department (ED) services from frequent users with problems of low clinical complexity. The overuse of ED poses several ethical-professional dilemmas for physicians and other medical staff. The study analyzes the ethical implications that emerge from the relationship between physicians and low-risk frequent users in a university hospital. This is a qualitative research developed through semi-structured interviews with physicians and low-risk frequent users and ethnographic observation in the field. It was observed that medical staff tend to stigmatize the demand of frequent patients. They, on the other hand, are satisfied with the physicians but discontent with primary health care and specialized outpatient care. It is concluded that the overuse generates ethicalprofessional conflicts, especially due to the stigmatization of these users by physicians. Nevertheless, frequent users are satisfied with the service, which motivates them to continue using it often.

Resumen Existe una demanda creciente de usuarios con problemas de baja complejidad clínica que frecuentemente buscan servicios hospitalarios de urgencia y emergencia. El uso excesivo de SUH impone varios dilemas éticos a los servicios, médicos y otros profesionales. El estudio examina las implicaciones éticas que surgen del encuentro entre médicos y pacientes hiperfrecuentadores de bajo riesgo clínico en un SUH universitario. Es una investigación cualitativa desarrollada a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas con médicos y pacientes hiperfrecuentadores de bajo riesgo clínico y observación de campo del tipo etnográfico. Se observó que los médicos tienden a estigmatizar la demanda del hiperfrecuentador. Los pacientes, por otro lado, muestran satisfacción con los médicos y refuerzan el descontento con la atención básica de salud y los servicios ambulatorios especializados. Se concluye que el uso excesivo del SUH genera conflictos en el ejercicio ético-profesional, principalmente como resultado de la estigmatización de estos pacientes por parte de los médicos. A pesar de esto, los hiperfrecuentadores están satisfechos con el servicio, lo que los motiva a convertirse en grandes usuarios.

Influence of Masticatory Behavior on Muscle Compensations During the Oral Phase of Swallowing of Smokers

Abstract Introduction Chewing and swallowing are physiologically interconnected functions, which share motor structures and supranuclear regions of the central nervous system (CNS), involving a sensorimotor synchrony. Objective To analyze the influence of masticatory behavior on muscular compensations in the oral phase of swallowing in smokers compared with nonsmokers. Methods A cross-sectional study comparing smokers and nonsmokers composed of 24 participants in each group. The aspects of food crunching, masticatory pattern, masticatory speed, atypical muscular contractions, and lip closure were analyzed during mastication. In swallowing, aspects of contraction of the orbicular and mental muscles, head movement and presence of deglutition, mastication, smoking, and of stomatognathic system of residues after swallowing were characterized. Results Statistically significant differences were identified between the study groups related to food grinding pattern, masticatory velocity, and mental contraction during swallowing. There was no significant association between masticatory function and compensations during swallowing. Conclusion Differences were observed in the pattern of chewing and swallowing in smokers compared with nonsmokers, but no influence of masticatory performance was observed in the presence of muscle compensations during the oral phase of swallowing.

Influence of Masticatory Behavior on Muscle Compensations During the Oral Phase of Swallowing of Smokers.

Introduction Chewing and swallowing are physiologically interconnected functions, which share motor structures and supranuclear regions of the central nervous system (CNS), involving a sensorimotor synchrony. Objective To analyze the influence of masticatory behavior on muscular compensations in the oral phase of swallowing in smokers compared with nonsmokers. Methods A cross-sectional study comparing smokers and nonsmokers composed of 24 participants in each group. The aspects of food crunching, masticatory pattern, masticatory speed, atypical muscular contractions, and lip closure were analyzed during mastication. In swallowing, aspects of contraction of the orbicular and mental muscles, head movement and presence of deglutition, mastication, smoking, and of stomatognathic system of residues after swallowing were characterized. Results Statistically significant differences were identified between the study groups related to food grinding pattern, masticatory velocity, and mental contraction during swallowing. There was no significant association between masticatory function and compensations during swallowing. Conclusion Differences were observed in the pattern of chewing and swallowing in smokers compared with nonsmokers, but no influence of masticatory performance was observed in the presence of muscle compensations during the oral phase of swallowing.