The relation between adolescents' body mass index and bone age / Relación entre índice de masa corporal y edad ósea en adolescentes

Introduction: adolescents' health and nutritional status is demonstrated in the quality of their growth and development. Bone age (BA) is the skeletal development index, which reflects an individual's maturation and is considered as the best expression of human development. Poor nutritional conditions, which extend for long periods, may influence bone development, causing a delay in BA, in relation to chronological age (CA). The aim of this study is evaluating the relation between adolescents' body mass index and bone age. Methods: cross-sectional study carried out with 172 adolescents. The variables evaluated were body mass index (BMI), CA, BA and maturational stage. The BA was determined by taking digital carpal radiographs. Results: the majority of the adolescents presented an adequate nutritional state (73.9%), 42.5% were classified as initial pubertal, followed by 40.6% as in peak height velocity (PHV), with a difference between the sexes (p < 0.001). PHV adolescents presented higher BA averages in both sexes (p = 0.005). There was a correlation between BMI and BA, with a strong correlation for girls in the pre-pubertal stage (r = 0.998; p < 0.05) and moderate correlation for those in PHV (r = 0.421; p < 0.001). By analyzing the relation of the variables to predict adolescents' BA, it was observed that the CA model, maturational stage and BMI explained the variability noted in BA in up to 50.3%. Conclusion: BMI has a relation with BA. It should be noted that BA is influenced by CA, the maturational stage and BMI

Introducción: la salud y el estado nutricional de los adolescentes se manifiestan directamente en la calidad de su crecimiento y desarrollo. La edad ósea (EO) es el índice de desarrollo del esqueleto, que refleja la maduración del individuo y es considerada como la mejor expresión del estado del desarrollo humano. Las condiciones nutricionales deficientes que perduran durante largos periodos pueden influir en el desarrollo óseo, provocando retraso en la EO en relación a la edad cronológica (EC). El objetivo del estudio es evaluar la relación entre el índice de masa corpórea y la edad ósea de adolescentes. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado con 172 adolescentes. Las variables evaluadas fueron índice de masa corpórea (IMC), EC, EO y etapa de maduración sexual. La EO se determinó a partir de la realización de radiografías carpales de archivo digital. Resultados: la mayoría de los adolescentes presentaban un adecuado estado nutricional (73,9%), el 42,5% estaban clasificados como púber inicial, seguidos del 40,6% que fueron considerados en el pico de la velocidad de crecimiento (PVC), con diferencias entre sexos (p < 0,001). Los adolescentes en PVC presentaron mayores medias de EO, en ambos sexos (p = 0,005). Se observó una correlación entre IMC y EO, con fuerte correlación para las niñas en la etapa prepúber (r = 0,998; p < 0,05) y correlación moderada para aquellas en el PVC (r = 0,421; p < 0,001). Al analizar la relación de las variables para predecir la EO de los adolescentes, se observó que el modelo con IC, etapa maduracional e IMC fue capaz de explicar hasta en un 50,3% la variabilidad observada en la EO. Conclusión: el IMC presenta relación con la EO. Se resalta que en la EO influyen la EC, la etapa maduracional y el IMC

The relation between adolescents' body mass index and bone age.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: adolescents' health and nutritional status is demonstrated in the quality of their growth and development. Bone age (BA) is the skeletal development index, which reflects an individual's maturation and is considered as the best expression of human development. Poor nutritional conditions, which extend for long periods, may influence bone development, causing a delay in BA, in relation to chronological age (CA). The aim of this study is evaluating the relation between adolescents' body mass index and bone age. Methods: cross-sectional study carried out with 172 adolescents. The variables evaluated were body mass index (BMI), CA, BA and maturational stage. The BA was determined by taking digital carpal radiographs. Results: the majority of the adolescents presented an adequate nutritional state (73.9%), 42.5% were classified as initial pubertal, followed by 40.6% as in peak height velocity (PHV), with a difference between the sexes (p < 0.001). PHV adolescents presented higher BA averages in both sexes (p = 0.005). There was a correlation between BMI and BA, with a strong correlation for girls in the pre-pubertal stage (r = 0.998; p < 0.05) and moderate correlation for those in PHV (r = 0.421; p < 0.001). By analyzing the relation of the variables to predict adolescents' BA, it was observed that the CA model, maturational stage and BMI explained the variability noted in BA in up to 50.3%. Conclusion: BMI has a relation with BA. It should be noted that BA is influenced by CA, the maturational stage and BMI.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la salud y el estado nutricional de los adolescentes se manifiestan directamente en la calidad de su crecimiento y desarrollo. La edad ósea (EO) es el índice de desarrollo del esqueleto, que refleja la maduración del individuo y es considerada como la mejor expresión del estado del desarrollo humano. Las condiciones nutricionales deficientes que perduran durante largos periodos pueden influir en el desarrollo óseo, provocando retraso en la EO en relación a la edad cronológica (EC). El objetivo del estudio es evaluar la relación entre el índice de masa corpórea y la edad ósea de adolescentes. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado con 172 adolescentes. Las variables evaluadas fueron índice de masa corpórea (IMC), EC, EO y etapa de maduración sexual. La EO se determinó a partir de la realización de radiografías carpales de archivo digital. Resultados: la mayoría de los adolescentes presentaban un adecuado estado nutricional (73,9%), el 42,5% estaban clasificados como púber inicial, seguidos del 40,6% que fueron considerados en el pico de la velocidad de crecimiento (PVC), con diferencias entre sexos (p < 0,001). Los adolescentes en PVC presentaron mayores medias de EO, en ambos sexos (p = 0,005). Se observó una correlación entre IMC y EO, con fuerte correlación para las niñas en la etapa prepúber (r = 0,998; p < 0,05) y correlación moderada para aquellas en el PVC (r = 0,421; p < 0,001). Al analizar la relación de las variables para predecir la EO de los adolescentes, se observó que el modelo con IC, etapa maduracional e IMC fue capaz de explicar hasta en un 50,3% la variabilidad observada en la EO. Conclusión: el IMC presenta relación con la EO. Se resalta que en la EO influyen la EC, la etapa maduracional y el IMC.

Relação entre gordura corporal e maturação sexual de adolescentes / Relationship between body fat and sexual maturation of adolescents

Introdução: O excesso de peso é um problema de saúde crescente no púbico adolescente, principalmente na puberdade, sendo um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças, assim como na idade adulta. Diante disso, a avaliação do estado nutricional, da composição corporal e da maturação sexual são indispensáveis na investigação do estado de saúde de adolescentes. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre estado nutricional, composição corporal e maturação sexual em adolescentes. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, conduzido com 185 adolescentes de 10 a 15 anos de idade, de uma escola pública de Lagarto-SE. Avaliaram-se o peso corporal e a altura para o cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), as dobras cutâneas tricipital e subescapular, visando estimar o percentual de gordura corporal (%GC), a circunferência da cintura e o estágio de maturação sexual. Para análise dos dados, foram utilizados estatística descritiva, teste Qui-quadrado e regressão linear múltipla. Resultados: A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 23,3%, sendo superior entre o sexo feminino (26,4%). Quanto à composição corporal, 66,5% dos adolescentes apresentaram elevado %GC, também superior entre meninas (82,1%; p<0,001). Além disso, verificou-se associação entre excesso de peso com excesso de gordura corporal e obesidade abdominal (p<0,001). Observou-se que o %GC sofreu maior influência do IMC e idade entre os meninos e do IMC e estágio maturacional entre as meninas (p<0,001). Ao relacionar o estado nutricional e a maturação sexual, 48,8% dos indivíduos com excesso de peso estavam no pico de velocidade de crescimento. Conclusões: A puberdade exerce influência significativa na composição corporal de adolescentes, sendo imprescindível sua avaliação durante o atendimento nutricional, principalmente no sexo feminino, em virtude da notável associação entre estágio final de maturação sexual e excesso de peso.

Profile development of noncommunicable chronic diseases in a Brazilian rural town.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between socioeconomic and anthropometric data, frequency of food consumption, and the development of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in patients from a small rural town in northeastern Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was performed on patients from the Lagarto City Hospital (n = 50) and from family health units (n = 370). RESULTS: The 420 patients in the study had one or more NCDs such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. The mean age was 63.1 ± 8.7 years for both sexes. The typical patient was of mixed or black descent (66%), a farmer, and of low socioeconomic status and education; 100% of men and 84% of women were illiterate or had less than 4 years of schooling. Approximately 50% of women and 89% of men were married and most had never used tobacco or were ex-smokers. The body mass index (BMI) of the study population was 29.4 ± 5.5 kg/m(2), where 70% of the patients were type 2 diabetic with waist circumferences of 99.8 ± 21.2 cm for men and 98.1 ± 13.9 cm for women. The correlation between BMI and waist circumference was r = 0.88. Even with the use of medication, total cholesterol levels of above 240 mg/dL were recorded in 10% of women and about 5% of men. Likewise, 10% of women and 100% of men had triglyceride levels above 200 mg/dL; glucose levels were 133.6 ± 47.4 mg/dL in men and 110.8 ± 38.8 mg/dL in women. Blood pressure values were high, even in patients using one or more antihypertensive drugs for at least 2 years (systolic pressure = 128.5 ± 18.2; diastolic pressure = 86.3 ± 8.9 mmHg). Indices considered above the limit recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) were obtained for 60% of women and 100% of men. Our research revealed that this population is characterized by a relatively low intake of fats and oils. Nevertheless, 100% of patients consumed meat every day, 57.6% never consumed processed foods such as candy or soft drinks, and 89% consumed coffee daily. Furthermore, the consumption of fruits was very low: 46.6% of respondents never ate fruit and 7.8% rarely consumed fruit. Likewise, 68.2% reported never eating milk and dairy products. Vegetables were consumed by only 51.4% of the population and 38.5% rarely or never consumed green vegetables. Products made from wheat, maize, cassava, beans, and rice were often consumed by 59.2% of the population. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the studied population is affected by nutritional transition, in which the greater access to carbohydrates and animal proteins is associated with high BMI, with the vast majority overweight and suffering from uncontrolled hypertension despite the use of medications. The high consumption of carbohydrates and animal protein, rapid urbanization, and sedentary lifestyle are the main factors responsible for the epidemic of noncommunicable diseases, especially among people with low income and education. Men are particularly affected, with increased visceral fat characterized by an increased waist circumference.