Exercise training prevents increased intraocular pressure and sympathetic vascular modulation in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome

The present study aimed to study the effects of exercise training (ET) performed by rats on a 10-week high-fructose diet on metabolic, hemodynamic, and autonomic changes, as well as intraocular pressure (IOP). Male Wistar rats receiving fructose overload in drinking water (100 g/L) were concomitantly trained on a treadmill for 10 weeks (FT group) or kept sedentary (F group), and a control group (C) was kept in normal laboratory conditions. The metabolic evaluation comprised the Lee index, glycemia, and insulin tolerance test (KITT). Arterial pressure (AP) was measured directly, and systolic AP variability was performed to determine peripheral autonomic modulation. ET attenuated impaired metabolic parameters, AP, IOP, and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) induced by fructose overload (FT vs F). The increase in peripheral sympathetic modulation in F rats, demonstrated by systolic AP variance and low frequency (LF) band (F: 37±2, 6.6±0.3 vs C: 26±3, 3.6±0.5 mmHg2), was prevented by ET (FT: 29±3, 3.4±0.7 mmHg2). Positive correlations were found between the LF band and right IOP (r=0.57, P=0.01) and left IOP (r=0.64, P=0.003). Negative correlations were noted between KITT values and right IOP (r=-0.55, P=0.01) and left IOP (r=-0.62, P=0.005). ET in rats effectively prevented metabolic abnormalities and AP and IOP increases promoted by a high-fructose diet. In addition, ocular benefits triggered by exercise training were associated with peripheral autonomic improvement.

MORTALIDADE DE BLATTELLA GERMANICA (L.) (BLATTODEA: BLATTELLIDAE) EM FUNÇÃO DA PORCENTAGEM DE EXPOSIÇÃO AOS INSETICIDAS E DO TIPO DE SUPERFÍCIE, ANTES E APÓS A LAVAGEM

ABSTRACT Among the species of synanthropic cockroaches, the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L., 1767) is the most important in terms of developing high populations in habitations. This study evaluated the mortality of B. germanica exposed to different areas treated with an equivalent amount of insecticides to verify the mortality caused by pesticides on smooth and rough surfaces, before and after washing. The experiments were carried out at the Departamento de Fitossanidade, UNESP/FCAV, Campus Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. In the first experiment, the insecticide was applied to Petri dishes, with areas of exposure to the insecticide of 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The second application was performed by pressurized spraying on smooth and rough surfaces, which were then washed with detergent and water after treatment. The insecticides used were cypermethrin (Cynoff 400 AM) 2.5 c.p. g/L, deltamethrin (250 Deltagard WG) 1.0 c.p. g/L; lambda-cyhalothrin (Icon 5 EC) c.p. 5.0 mL/L and an untreated plot (control). In the first experiment, 5 adult insects were enclosed for fifteen minutes, while 10 were enclosed in the second experiment. Mortality evaluations were performed at 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours after confinement. It was found that the insecticides used in 50%, 75% and 100% of the area resulted in a high mortality of B. germanica. The insecticides cypermethrin, deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin proved efficient for the control of B. germanica, before the washing of the smooth surface. The effectiveness of these insecticides was greater on a smooth surface than a rough one. After washing, the effectiveness was lower for both surfaces.

RESUMO Entre as espécies sinantrópicas de baratas, a barata alemã, Blattella germanica (L., 1767), é a mais importante por desenvolver altas populações em habitações. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a mortalidade de B. germanica exposta a diferentes áreas tratadas, com quantidade equivalente de inseticidas e verificar a mortalidade provocada por inseticidas em superfícies lisa e rugosa, antes e após lavagem. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Departamento de Fitossanidade da UNESP/FCAV de Jaboticabal, SP. No primeiro experimento, a aplicação dos inseticidas foi realizada sobre placas de Petri, com áreas de exposição ao inseticida de 25, 50, 75 e 100%. No segundo, a aplicação foi realizada com pulverizador costal pressurizado, sobre superfícies lisa (de azulejo) e rugosa (de cimento), que posteriormente foram lavadas com detergente e água corrente. Foram utilizados os inseticidas cypermethrin (Cynoff 400 PM) 2,5 g p.c./L; deltamethrin (Deltagard WG 250) 1,0 g p.c./L; lambda-cyhalothrin (Icon 5 CE) 5,0 mL p.c./L e uma testemunha sem aplicação. Foram confinadas, por quinze minutos, cinco baratas adultas no primeiro experimento e dez no segundo. As avaliações de mortalidade foram realizadas 0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 e 72 horas após o confinamento. Assim, conclui-se que os inseticidas aplicados em 50%, 75% e 100% das áreas resultaram em alta mortalidade de B. germanica. Os inseticidas cypermethrin , deltamethrin e lambda-cyhalothrin foram eficientes no controle de B. germanica, antes da lavagem, na superfície lisa. A eficiência de controle dos inseticidas foi maior na superfície lisa que na superfície rugosa. Após a lavagem, a eficiência diminuiu em ambas as superfícies.

EFICIÊNCIA E EFEITO RESIDUAL DE INSETICIDAS APLICADOS EM DIFERENTES SUPERFÍCIES PARA O CONTROLE DE BLATTELLA GERMANICA (LINNAEUS, 1767) (DICTYOPTERA: BLATTELLIDAE)

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency and residual effect of insecticides applied on tiles and slate for the control of Blattella germanica. The experiment was carried out in the Departamento de Fitossanidade, UNESP Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, (May 3 to August 5, 2007). The population susceptible to chemical control was grown in a nonclimatized room. The treatments were lambda-cyhalothrin (Demand 2,5CS) 10 mL/L (12,5 mg/m2); lambda-cyhalothrin (Icon 5,0 CE) 5 mL/L (12,5 mg/m2); deltamethrin (Deltagard WG) 2 sachets/10 L (12,5 mg/m2); lambda-cyhalothrin (Zeon 50CS) 5 mL/L (12,5mg/m2); deltamethrin (Deltek CS) 5 mL/L (6,25 mg/m2); dichlorvos (DDVP 1000CE) 5 mL/L (250 mg/m2) and a control plot. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with four replicates. Insecticides were sprayed with a pressurized sprayer (350 kPa) at a volume of 40 mL/m2. After 1h, 10 adult German cockroaches were plotted over the treated area and stayed there for 15 min. They were then transferred to pots for evaluations (0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 and 72 h after exposition). Treated plates were kept on shelves to evaluate the residual effect of products 30, 60 and 90 days after application. Data was submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test. The efficiency was calculated. It was concluded that on the application of insecticides there is no difference between the surfaces in the control of B. germanica. The residual effect was greater on a tiled surface in relation to slate. The insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin (WG) resulted in sufficient control up to 90 days after the spraying.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar eficiência e efeito residual de inseticidas aplicados sobre azulejo (face lisa) e ardósia (rugosa) para o controle de Blattella germanica. Realizou-se o experimento no Departamento de Fitossanidade, UNESP-Jaboticabal, SP (de 3-5 a 2-8-2007). A população suscetível ao controle químico foi criada em sala não climatizada. Os tratamentos utilizados foram (dosagens em produtos comerciais): lambdacialotrina (Demand 2,5 CS) 10 mL/L (12,5 mg/m2); lambdacialotrina (Icon 5,0 CE) 5 mL/L (12,5 mg/m2); deltametrina (Deltagard WG) 2 saches/10 L (12,5 mg/m2); lambdacialotrina (Zeon 50CS) 5 mL/L (12,5 mg/m2); deltametrina (Deltek CS) 5 mL/L (6,25 mg/m2); Diclorvos (DDVP 1000CE) 5 mL/L (250 mg/m2) e testemunha. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os inseticidas foram aplicados com pulverizador pressurizado (350 kPa) e volume de 40 mL/m2. Uma hora após a aplicação, liberaram-se 10 baratas adultas para caminhar sobre a área tratada. Após 15 minutos foram retiradas e colocadas em potes para avaliações (0, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a exposição). Placas tratadas foram mantidas em prateleiras para avaliar o efeito residual dos produtos 30, 60 e 90 dias após aplicação. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste Tukey. Concluiu-se que no dia da aplicação dos inseticidas não ocorre diferença entre as superfícies no controle de B. germanica. O efeito residual dos inseticidas foi maior na superfície lisa (azulejo) do que na superfície rugosa (ardósia). Os inseticidas lambdacialotrina e deltametrina (WG) proporcionaram excelente controle de B. germanica, até 90 dias após a aplicação.

Influence of sulfur amino acid levels in diets of broiler chickens submitted to immune stress

Several changes in amino acid levels occur during an infection. As a rule, glycine, taurine and serine levels diminish considerably, while cysteine levels increase. Such changes may be attributed to the intense consumption of sulfur amino acids (SAA- methionine+cysteine) during infectious challenge. Methionine plays an important role in humoral and cellular immune responses. It has been suggested that such effect is exerted by intracellular glutathione and cysteine levels. Four-hundred thirty-two day-old Ross male broiler chickens were fed (from 1 to 42 days of age) three SAA levels in the diet (0.72, 0.82, and 0.92% from 1 to 21 days of age; 0.65, 0.75, and 0.85% from 22 to 42 days of age) and submitted to two immunological stimulus series. Vaccines against Marek's disease, Fowlpox, Infectious Bronchitis and Infectious Bursal disease, Freund's Complete Adjuvant, and avian tuberculin were used as immunological stimuli. The experiment comprised 6 treatments, with 6 replications using 12 birds per replicate. Performance data were collected weekly. Gumboro antibodies were measured by ELISA, and the cellular immune response by the tuberculin test. SAA levels tested did not influence immune response. Nevertheless, the vaccines applied on the 1st day impaired chick performance up to the 21 days of age. The SAA levels generally adopted in poultry husbandry may not be enough to assure weight gain, especially when birds are raised if a low-challenge infectious environment.

Influence of sulfur amino acid levels in diets of broiler chickens submitted to immune stress

Several changes in amino acid levels occur during an infection. As a rule, glycine, taurine and serine levels diminish considerably, while cysteine levels increase. Such changes may be attributed to the intense consumption of sulfur amino acids (SAA- methionine+cysteine) during infectious challenge. Methionine plays an important role in humoral and cellular immune responses. It has been suggested that such effect is exerted by intracellular glutathione and cysteine levels. Four-hundred thirty-two day-old Ross male broiler chickens were fed (from 1 to 42 days of age) three SAA levels in the diet (0.72, 0.82, and 0.92% from 1 to 21 days of age; 0.65, 0.75, and 0.85% from 22 to 42 days of age) and submitted to two immunological stimulus series. Vaccines against Marek's disease, Fowlpox, Infectious Bronchitis and Infectious Bursal disease, Freund's Complete Adjuvant, and avian tuberculin were used as immunological stimuli. The experiment comprised 6 treatments, with 6 replications using 12 birds per replicate. Performance data were collected weekly. Gumboro antibodies were measured by ELISA, and the cellular immune response by the tuberculin test. SAA levels tested did not influence immune response. Nevertheless, the vaccines applied on the 1st day impaired chick performance up to the 21 days of age. The SAA levels generally adopted in poultry husbandry may not be enough to assure weight gain, especially when birds are raised if a low-challenge infectious environment.