ABSTRACT
Objective: to describe the effects of neuromodulation on the performance of executive functions in overweight and/or individuals with obesity. Methods: articles published in PubMed, ScienceDirect, BIREME, and Web of Science databases were selected using the following combination of descriptors: (problem solving OR executive function OR memory) AND (tDCS OR TMS) AND obesity. After applying the selection criteria, 08 articles were included for analysis. Results: the articles included had an average of 30.1 participants per study, with a minimum of 12 and a maximum of 76. The overall nutritional status ranged from underweight to grade 3 obesity, and the general mean body mass index was 28,1 kg/m2. Regarding the instruments used to assess executive functions, the most frequent were: the flanker paradigm; binocular rivalry for Continuous Flash Suppression (bCFS/NoCFS); Stroop task; Go/No-Go task; and N-back task. The primary outcomes were dependent on the neuromodulation target site. Reduced food craving and improved performance in the active group were observed from decreased response time and increased precision in cognitive tasks. Conclusion: neuromodulation can generate changes in executive functions, reducing food cravings in overweight and individuals with obesity. (AU)
Objetivo: describir los efectos de la neuromodulación en el desempeño de funciones ejecutivas en pacientes con sobrepeso y/o obesidad. Métodos: se seleccionaron artículos publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, BIREME y Web of Science utilizando la siguiente combinación de descriptores: (resolución de problemas O función ejecutiva O memoria) Y (tDCS O TMS) Y obesidad. Después de aplicar los criterios de selección, 08 artículos fueron incluidos para el análisis. Resultados: los artículos incluidos tuvieron un promedio de 30,1 participantes por estudio, con un mínimo de 12 y un máximo de 76. El estado nutricional general osciló entre bajo peso y obesidad grado 3, y el índice de masa corporal promedio general fue de 28,1 kg/m2. En cuanto a los instrumentos utilizados para evaluar las funciones ejecutivas, los más frecuentes fueron: paradigma del flanqueador; rivalidad binocular para la supresión continua de flash (bCFS/NoCFS); tarea de Stroop; Tarea Go/No-Go; y tarea N-back. Los resultados primarios dependieron del sitio objetivo de la neuromodulación. Se observó una reducción del antojo de alimentos y un mejor rendimiento en el grupo activo debido a la disminución del tiempo de respuesta y al aumento de la precisión en las tareas cognitivas.Conclusión: la neuromodulación puede generar cambios en las funciones ejecutivas, reduciendo el antojo de alimentos en personas con sobrepeso y obesidad. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Obesity , Overweight , Executive Function , Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation , CravingABSTRACT
Introduction: Objective: to describe the effects of neuromodulation on the performance of executive functions in overweight and/or individuals with obesity. Methods: articles published in PubMed, ScienceDirect, BIREME, and Web of Science databases were selected using the following combination of descriptors: ("problem solving" OR "executive function" OR memory) AND (tDCS OR TMS) AND obesity. After applying the selection criteria, 08 articles were included for analysis. Results: the articles included had an average of 30.1 participants per study, with a minimum of 12 and a maximum of 76. The overall nutritional status ranged from underweight to grade 3 obesity, and the general mean body mass index was 28,1 kg/m2. Regarding the instruments used to assess executive functions, the most frequent were: the flanker paradigm; binocular rivalry for Continuous Flash Suppression (bCFS/NoCFS); Stroop task; Go/No-Go task; and N-back task. The primary outcomes were dependent on the neuromodulation target site. Reduced food craving and improved performance in the active group were observed from decreased response time and increased precision in cognitive tasks. Conclusion: neuromodulation can generate changes in executive functions, reducing food cravings in overweight and individuals with obesity.
Introducción: Objetivo: describir los efectos de la neuromodulación en el desempeño de funciones ejecutivas en pacientes con sobrepeso y/o obesidad. Métodos: se seleccionaron artículos publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, BIREME y Web of Science utilizando la siguiente combinación de descriptores: ("resolución de problemas" O "función ejecutiva" O memoria) Y (tDCS O TMS) Y obesidad. Después de aplicar los criterios de selección, 08 artículos fueron incluidos para el análisis. Resultados: los artículos incluidos tuvieron un promedio de 30,1 participantes por estudio, con un mínimo de 12 y un máximo de 76. El estado nutricional general osciló entre bajo peso y obesidad grado 3, y el índice de masa corporal promedio general fue de 28,1 kg/m2. En cuanto a los instrumentos utilizados para evaluar las funciones ejecutivas, los más frecuentes fueron: paradigma del flanqueador; rivalidad binocular para la supresión continua de flash (bCFS/NoCFS); tarea de Stroop; Tarea Go/No-Go; y tarea N-back. Los resultados primarios dependieron del sitio objetivo de la neuromodulación. Se observó una reducción del antojo de alimentos y un mejor rendimiento en el grupo activo debido a la disminución del tiempo de respuesta y al aumento de la precisión en las tareas cognitivas. Conclusión: la neuromodulación puede generar cambios en las funciones ejecutivas, reduciendo el antojo de alimentos en personas con sobrepeso y obesidad.
Subject(s)
Obesity , Overweight , Humans , Overweight/therapy , Overweight/psychology , Obesity/therapy , Obesity/psychology , Executive Function , Body Mass Index , FoodABSTRACT
Realizou-se estudo descritivo, transversal, quantitativo entre estudantes dos períodos iniciais e finais do curso de Farmácia da Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI) durante o ano de 2019, buscando-se analisar o perfil de consumo de drogas de abuso entre os estudantes, tema objeto de escassas publicações no Piauí. Foi aplicado um questionário de respostas fechadas pautado no "ASSIST" adaptado, após aprovação no Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFPI. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para aplicar hipótese de associação com significância de 5%. A pesquisa contou com 41 participantes, 56,0% do sexo feminino e 29,0% do sexo masculino. 63,0% dos partícipes tinham idade maior ou igual a 20 anos e 22,0% possuíam menos de 20 anos. Verificou-se que 90,2% reportaram já ter feito uso de alguma droga de abuso. 17,1% dos estudantes reportaram ter feito uso de drogas ilícitas. A maioria significativa (p<0,05) dos indivíduos que usaram drogas de abuso correspondeu aos participantes mais velhos envolvidos no estudo. Entre os participantes que usaram drogas, a maioria significativa (p<0,05) indicou uso de drogas lícitas. 4 (9,8%) participantes não fizeram uso de nenhuma droga de abuso e todos pertenciam aos períodos iniciais do curso. Houve predomínio do uso de bebidas alcoólicas, tabaco e maconha. Houve maioria absoluta de estudantes que afirmaram nunca ter tentado controlar ou diminuir o uso de drogas (n=31), independente do período cursado. A pesquisa ratifica a importância da temática e demonstra a necessidade de acompanhamento constante do público universitário.
A descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative study was carried out among students from the initial and final semesters of the Pharmacy course at the Federal University of Piauí (UFPI) during 2019, seeking to analyze the profile of drug abuse among students, subject of scarce publications in Piauí. A closed-answer questionnaire based on the adapted "ASSIST" version was applied, after approval by the UFPI Research Ethics Committee. Fisher's exact test was used to apply an association hypothesis with a significance of 5%. The survey included 41 participants, 56.0% female and 29.0% male. 63.0% of participants were aged 20 years or more and 22.0% were under 20 years old. It was found that 90.2% reported having already used some abused drug. 17.1% of the students reported having used illegal drugs. The significant majority (p <0.05) of the individuals who used drugs corresponded to the older participants involved in the study. Among the participants who used drugs, the significant majority (p <0.05) indicated use of legal drugs. 4 (9.8%) participants did not use any drugs, and all belonged to the first semesters of the course. There was a predominance of alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and marijuana. There was an absolute majority of students who stated that they had never tried to control or decrease their drug use (n=31), regardless of the semester taken. The research confirms the importance of the theme and demonstrates the need for constant monitoring of the university population.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the calcium influx pathways implicated in the sustained elevation of endothelial intracellular calcium concentration, required for the synthesis and release of relaxing factors. METHODS: We evaluated the effect of the newly synthesized pyrazole derivatives, described as selective inhibitors for ORAI (BTP2/Pyr2 and Pyr6) and TRPC3 (Pyr3 and Pyr10) channels, upon endothelium- and extracellular calcium-dependent relaxations stimulated by acetylcholine and thapsigargin, in pre-constricted rat thoracic aortic rings. RESULTS: Acetylcholine and thapsigargin responses were completely reverted by Pyr2 and Pyr6 (1 to 3µM). Pyr3 (0.3 to 3µM) caused a rapid reversal of acetylcholine (6.2±0.08mg.s-1) and thapsigargin (3.9±0.25mg.s-1) relaxations, whereas the more selective TRPC3 blocker Pyr10 (1 to 3µM) had no effect. The recently described TRPC4/5 selective blocker, ML204 (1 to 3µM), reverted completely acetylcholine relaxations, but minimally thapsigargin induced ones. Noteworthy, relaxations elicited by GSK1016790A (TRPV4 agonist) were unaffected by pyrazole compounds or ML204. After Pyr2 and Pyr6 pre-incubation, acetylcholine and thapsigargin evoked transient relaxations similar in magnitude and kinetics to those observed in the absence of extracellular calcium. Sodium nitroprusside relaxations as well as phenylephrine-induced contractions (denuded aorta) were not affected by any of pyrazole compounds (1 to 3µM). CONCLUSION: These observations revealed a previously unrecognized complexity in rat aorta endothelial calcium influx pathways, which result in production and release of nitric oxide. Pharmacologically distinguishable pathways mediate acetylcholine (ORAI/TRPC other than TRPC3/TRPC4 calcium-permeable channels) and thapsigargin (TRPC4 not required) induced calcium influx.
Subject(s)
Acetylcholine/pharmacology , Calcium/pharmacology , Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors/metabolism , Nitric Oxide/metabolism , Thapsigargin/pharmacology , Animals , Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects , Calcium Release Activated Calcium Channels/metabolism , Male , Rats, Wistar , TRPC Cation Channels/metabolism , TRPV Cation Channels/drug effects , TRPV Cation Channels/metabolism , Time Factors , Vasodilator Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize the calcium influx pathways implicated in the sustained elevation of endothelial intracellular calcium concentration, required for the synthesis and release of relaxing factors. Methods: We evaluated the effect of the newly synthesized pyrazole derivatives, described as selective inhibitors for ORAI (BTP2/Pyr2 and Pyr6) and TRPC3 (Pyr3 and Pyr10) channels, upon endothelium- and extracellular calcium-dependent relaxations stimulated by acetylcholine and thapsigargin, in pre-constricted rat thoracic aortic rings. Results: Acetylcholine and thapsigargin responses were completely reverted by Pyr2 and Pyr6 (1 to 3μM). Pyr3 (0.3 to 3μM) caused a rapid reversal of acetylcholine (6.2±0.08mg.s−1) and thapsigargin (3.9±0.25mg.s−1) relaxations, whereas the more selective TRPC3 blocker Pyr10 (1 to 3μM) had no effect. The recently described TRPC4/5 selective blocker, ML204 (1 to 3μM), reverted completely acetylcholine relaxations, but minimally thapsigargin induced ones. Noteworthy, relaxations elicited by GSK1016790A (TRPV4 agonist) were unaffected by pyrazole compounds or ML204. After Pyr2 and Pyr6 pre-incubation, acetylcholine and thapsigargin evoked transient relaxations similar in magnitude and kinetics to those observed in the absence of extracellular calcium. Sodium nitroprusside relaxations as well as phenylephrine-induced contractions (denuded aorta) were not affected by any of pyrazole compounds (1 to 3μM). Conclusion: These observations revealed a previously unrecognized complexity in rat aorta endothelial calcium influx pathways, which result in production and release of nitric oxide. Pharmacologically distinguishable pathways mediate acetylcholine (ORAI/TRPC other than TRPC3/TRPC4 calcium-permeable channels) and thapsigargin (TRPC4 not required) induced calcium influx.
RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar as vias do influxo de cálcio envolvidas no aumento sustentado da concentração intracelular de cálcio na célula endotelial, essencial para a síntese e a liberação de fatores relaxantes. Métodos: Analisamos o efeito de derivados pirazólicos sintetizados recentemente, descritos como inibidores seletivos para canais ORAI (BTP2/Pyr2 e Pyr6) e TRPC3 (Pyr3 e Pyr10), nos relaxamentos dependentes de endotélio e cálcio extracelular, produzidos por acetilcolina e tapsigargina, em anéis pré-contraídos da aorta torácica de rato. Resultados: As respostas de acetilcolina e tapsigargina foram completamente revertidas por Pyr2 e Pyr6 (1 a 3μM). Pyr3 (0,3 a 3μM) produziu reversão rápida dos relaxamentos de acetilcolina (6,2±0,08mg.s−1) e tapsigargina (3,9±0,25mg.s−1), enquanto o bloqueador mais seletivo para TRPC3, Pyr10 (1 a 3μM), não apresentou efeito. ML204 (1 a 3μM), bloqueador seletivo de TRPC4, descrito há pouco tempo, reverteu os relaxamentos induzidos por acetilcolina de forma completa, mas afetou minimamente aqueles produzidos por tapsigargina. Os derivados pirazólicos ou ML204 não afetaram os relaxamentos estimulados com GSK1016790A (TRPV4-agonista). Ainda, após pré-incubação com Pyr2 e Pyr6, acetilcolina e tapsigargina provocaram relaxamentos transitórios semelhantes em magnitude e cinética àqueles observados na ausência de cálcio extracelular. Os relaxamentos do nitroprussiato de sódio e as contrações induzidas pela fenilefrina (aorta sem endotélio) não foram afetados pelos compostos pirazólicos (1 a 3μM). Conclusão: Essas observações revelaram uma complexidade desconhecida das vias de influxo de cálcio no endotélio da aorta de rato, que resultam na produção e na liberação de óxido nítrico. Vias distinguíveis farmacologicamente medeiam o influxo estimulado por acetilcolina (ORAI TRPC, diferentes de TRPC3 TRPC4) e tapsigargina (TRPC4 não requerido).
