[Use of vital data to estimate mortality indicators in Brazil: from the active search for events to the development of methods]. / Utilização das informações vitais para a estimação de indicadores de mortalidade no Brasil: da busca ativa de eventos ao desenvolvimento de métodos.

The article addresses Brazil's historical development in the use of vital data, incorporating procedures for the evaluation of such data and research with active search of births and deaths, resulting in the proposal of methods for calculating birth and mortality indicators through the use of continuous records. In addition to research to capture vital events from the years 2000 and 2008, the article presents procedures for the correction of events reported to the information systems and the paradigm shift in the method for calculating mortality indicators, resulting from such initiatives. The study also features advances in the adequacy of information on deaths and live births in Brazil, changes in the estimates on infant mortality resulting from the proposed methods, and the challenge of estimating the indicator for subnational geographic areas with lower population contingents, mostly consisting of municipalities (counties) with low and irregular data coverage.

[Obtaining drugs for hypertension and diabetes through the Brazilian People's Pharmacy Program: results of the National Health Survey, 2013]. / Obtenção de medicamentos para hipertensão e diabetes no Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the proportion of hypertensive and diabetic patients who reported getting medicines to control these diseases via the Brazilian People's Pharmacy Program, according to sociodemographic factors. METHODS: this was a population-based descriptive study using 2013 National Health Survey data on individuals aged over 18 years. RESULTS: around one third of hypertensive individuals (35.9%; 95%CI 34.1-37.7) and more than half of those with diabetes (57.4%; 95%CI 54.2-60.2%) had got at least one kind of medication via the Program, there being some differences between the country's regions. Among patients with diabetes, higher rates of getting medication were found in black people (69.4%; 95%CI 60.8-77.9) and those with less schooling (0-8 years) (63.9%; 95%CI 60.2-67.7), with no significant differences between age groups or sex. CONCLUSION: obtaining at least one kind of medication to treat hypertension and diabetes via the Program was high, especially among the underprivileged.

Risk of symptomatic dengue for foreign visitors to the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil.

Brazil will host the FIFA World Cup™, the biggest single-event competition in the world, from June 12-July 13 2014 in 12 cities. This event will draw an estimated 600,000 international visitors. Brazil is endemic for dengue. Hence, attendees of the 2014 event are theoretically at risk for dengue. We calculated the risk of dengue acquisition to non-immune international travellers to Brazil, depending on the football match schedules, considering locations and dates of such matches for June and July 2014. We estimated the average per-capita risk and expected number of dengue cases for each host-city and each game schedule chosen based on reported dengue cases to the Brazilian Ministry of Health for the period between 2010-2013. On the average, the expected number of cases among the 600,000 foreigner tourists during the World Cup is 33, varying from 3-59. Such risk estimates will not only benefit individual travellers for adequate pre-travel preparations, but also provide valuable information for public health professionals and policy makers worldwide. Furthermore, estimates of dengue cases in international travellers during the World Cup can help to anticipate the theoretical risk for exportation of dengue into currently non-infected areas.

Importance of animal/human health interface in potential Public Health Emergencies of International Concern in the Americas.

This study analyzed the importance of zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals as potential Public Health Emergencies of International Concern to build an evidence base for future efforts to reduce risk of infection at the animal/human health interface. The events recorded in the World Health Organization (WHO) Event Management System (EMS) database for the Americas during the 18 months since the implementation of the 2005 revised version of WHO's International Health Regulations (15 June 2007-31 December 2008) were the main source for this analysis. Of the 110 events recorded by the EMS for the Americas during the study period, 86 were classified as communicable diseases-77 (70.0%) "within the animal/human health interface," 9 (8.2%) "not common to man and animals," 16 (14.5%) "syndromes with unknown etiologies," and 8 (7.3%) "product-related/ other." Of the 77 events within the animal/human health interface, 48 were "substantiated" (the presence of hazard was confirmed and/or human cases occurred clearly in excess of normal expectancy). These results confirm previous research and underscore the importance of the animal/human health interface as well as inter-sectoral collaboration.

Rabies transmitted by vampire bats to humans: an emerging zoonotic disease in Latin America? / La rabia transmitida por murciélagos vampiros a humanos: ¿una zoonosis emergente en América Latina?

Human rabies transmitted by vampire bats reached new heights in Latin America in 2005. A total of 55 human cases were reported in several outbreaks, 41 of them in the Amazon region of Brazil. Peru and Brazil had the highest number of reported cases from 1975 to 2006. In Peru, outbreaks involving more than 20 cases of bat-transmitted human rabies were reported during the 1980s and 1990s. During this period, a smaller number of cases were reported from outbreaks in Brazil. A comparison of data from field studies conducted in Brazil in 2005 with those from the previous decade suggests similar bat-bite situations at the local level. The objective of this study was to review the epidemiological situation and, on the basis of this information, discuss possible factors associated with the outbreaks. Prevention and control measures already recommended for dealing with this problem are also reviewed, and some further suggestions are provided.

La rabia en humanos transmitida por murciélagos vampiros aumentó en América Latina en 2005. Se notificaron varios brotes con un total de 55 personas enfermas, 41 de ellas en la región amazónica de Brasil. Perú y Bolivia acumularon el mayor número de casos notificados entre 1975 y 2006. En Perú se informaron brotes de más de 20 personas con rabia transmitida por murciélagos en las décadas de 1980 y 1990. En ese período se informó un número menor de casos en los brotes de Brasil. Al comparar los datos de estudios de campo realizados en Brasil en 2005 con los obtenidos en décadas anteriores se observaron situaciones similares en cuanto a los casos de mordidas por murciélagos a nivel local. En este estudio se presenta una revisión de la situación epidemiológica y, a partir de esa información, se discuten los posibles factores asociados con los brotes. Se revisan también las medidas de prevención y control ya recomendadas para hacer frente a este problema y se ofrecen algunas recomendaciones adicionales.

Expectativa de vida ao nascer e mortalidade no Brasil em 1999: análise exploratória dos diferenciais regionais / Life expectancy at birth and mortality in Brazil, 1999: exploratory analysis of regional differences

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the inequalities found using health indicators in the states and regions of Brazil, according to 1999 socioeconomic and demographic indicators. METHODS: An exploratory ecological cross-sectional study was carried out. The units of analysis were Brazilian states (n = 27) and regions (n = 5). Descriptive measures of inequality were calculated. Pearson's correlation and also linear regression analysis were used to identify associations between health indicators and selected socio-economic and demographic indicators. The health indicators analyzed were: life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate, mortality rate for children < 5 years due to acute diarrheal diseases and to acute respiratory infections, and deaths due to homicides and traffic accidents. RESULTS: Important gains were seen in life expectancy at birth over the 1991-1999 period, especially for males. There was a trend towards larger gains in states that had had lower life expectancy at birth in 1991, which produced greater homogeneity across Brazil in this indicator in recent years. The infant mortality rate decreased by 28% between 1991 and 1999. However, this indicator still varies widely among the regions--from 52.5 per 1,000 live births in the northeast to 17.1 per 1,000 in the south--and among states--from 64.0 per 1,000 in Alagoas to 15.1 per 1,000 in Rio Grande do Sul. With respect to children < 5 years, the mortality rate due to acute diarrheal diseases was equal to or higher than the national median (4.1 per 10,000) in all the north-eastern states, and the mortality rate due to acute respiratory infections was equal to or higher than the national median (10.8 per 10,000) in all the southern, southeastern, and central-western states. The mortality rates (standardized by sex and age) due to traffic accidents and to homicides in 1999 were 17.7 and 26.0 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. Extreme values were found in some states for mortality due to hom...

OBJETIVO: Analisar as desigualdades quanto à distribuição de indicadores de saúde nas regiões e estados brasileiros, segundo indicadores de nível socioeconômico e demográfico no ano de 1999. MÉTODO: Realizou-se um estudo transversal ecológico, com enfoque exploratório, tendo como unidade de análise os estados (n = 27) e regiões (n = 5) brasileiras. Calcularam-se medidas descritivas de desigualdade. A correlação de Pearson e a análise de regressão linear foram utilizadas para identificar associações entre indicadores de saúde e indicadores de nível socioeconômico e demográficos selecionados. Os indicadores de saúde analisados foram a expectativa de vida ao nascer; a taxa de mortalidade infantil; mortalidade da criança (< 5 anos) por doenças diarréicas e respiratórias agudas; e mortalidade por homicídio e acidentes de trânsito. RESULTADOS: Observaram-se ganhos importantes na expectativa de vida ao nascer no período de 1991 a 1999, especialmente para os homens. Notou-se tendência a maiores ganhos nos estados com valores mais baixos de expectativa de vida ao nascer em 1991, o que conferiu maior homogeneidade ao indicador em anos recentes. A taxa de mortalidade infantil (por 1 000 nascidos vivos) no Brasil apresentou decréscimo de 28% no período de 1991 a 1999. No entanto, esse indicador ainda apresenta marcada variação entre as regiões - de 52,5 no Nordeste a 17,1 no Sul - e entre os estados - de 64,0 em Alagoas a 15,1 no Rio Grande do Sul. Quanto à mortalidade da criança < 5 anos (por 10 000), todos os estados do Nordeste apresentaram mortalidade por doenças diarréicas agudas maior ou igual ú mediana nacional (4,1 por 10 000), e todos os estados do Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste apresentaram taxa de mortalidade infantil por doenças respiratórias agudas maior ou igual à mediana nacional (10,8 por 10 000). As taxas de mortalidade por acidentes de trânsito e homicídio (padronizadas por sexo e idade) em 1999 foram de 17,7 e 26,0 por 100 000 habitantes...

Epidemiologia e desigualdade: notas sobre a teoria e a história / Epidemiology and inequality: notes on theory and history

In this paper we present a historical analysis of the concept of inequality, and we also discuss how inequality has been viewed within the field of health. Natural and social inequalities are discussed, along with the concept of equity, theoretical explanations for inequality, and stratification in modern societies. Finally, we focus on the relationships between epidemiology and studies on social inequalities in health since epidemiology was established as a discipline, during the so-called bacteriological era, and at the present time, when there is a growing interest in social inequalities in health.

O presente artigo analisa historicamente o conceito de desigualdade e aborda o tratamento dado à desigualdade em saúde. São analisadas as desigualdades naturais e sociais, o conceito de eqüidade, as explicações teóricas sobre a desigualdade e a estratificação nas sociedades modernas. Finalmente, são analisadas as relações entre os estudos sobre desigualdades sociais em saúde e a epidemiologia, desde o nascimento dessa disciplina, passando pela era bacteriológica e chegando aos dias de hoje, em que cresce o interesse pelo tema.