Contribution to the knowledge about mammal collections in Brazil

We provide a brief introduction on the importance and use of scientific collections and a general overview of the articles that are part of the special issue of the Brazilian Journal of Mammalogy on Brazilian mammal collections. The 19 articles that comprise this issue refer to collections distributed across eight Brazilian states. Most of the collections hold specimens of living mammals, and two of them are paleontological collections. Two articles address specific orders of mammals, while the rest present data for all the orders. We hope that this issue represents a significant contribution to efforts to preserve Brazilian scientific collections, providing a more comprehensive view of their importance and the current and potential use of the specimens preserved therein.

Apresentamos uma breve introdução sobre a importância e uso de coleções científicas e um panorama geral dos artigos que fazem parte do número especial do Brazilian Journal of Mammalogy sobre coleções brasileiras de mamíferos. Os 19 artigos abrangem coleções distribuídas em oito estados da federação. Em sua maioria tratam de mamíferos viventes, sendo dois referentes a coleções paleontológicas. Dois artigos abordam ordens específicas de mamíferos e os demais apresentam dados para todas as ordens. Esperamos que este número represente uma contribuição significativa aos esforços para preservar as coleções científicas nacionais, fornecendo uma visão mais abrangente acerca das coleções e do uso atual e potencial dos espécimes nelas preservados.

Microencapsulation of Bacillus thuringiensis strains for the control of Aedes aegypti.

In this study, we investigated the microencapsulation of two strains of the entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis) (BtMA-750 and BtMA-1114), which are biopesticides of high toxicity for the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti. The encapsulation of different concentrations of microorganisms in starch microparticles was evaluated, and the inverse suspension polymerization technique was explored. It was possible to observe that the higher amounts of the biopesticide caused a slight decrease in the diameter of the particles; however, even when encapsulated, the biopesticide still presents an average diameter that is able to be consumed by the larvae of Aedes aegypti. Furthermore, it was noticed that the presence of both of the B. thuringiensis strains did not affect the thermal stability of the particles. The microencapsulated bacterial strains presented a high number of viable spores and preserved the expression of proteins with molecular masses corresponding to the insecticidal toxins Cry and Cyt, indicating that the encapsulation process was conducted satisfactorily. Finally, the encapsulated strains were tested against Ae. aegypti larvae and maintained 100% larval mortality even after 35 days. Therefore, microencapsulation of B. thuringiensis not only guarantees the bacterial activity, but also prolongs the action of the biopesticide. Collectively, such findings highlight the great potential of the new biopesticides, which may help to reduce the population indices of the mosquito vector Ae. aegypti via a sustainable and environment-friendly route.

Assistência de enfermagem em pacientes com Demência do Corpo de Lewy / Nursing assistance in patients with Lewy's Body Dementia

Objetivo: Investigar sobre a assistência de Enfermagem a pacientes com Demência do Corpo de Lewy. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura, pela busca nas bases de dados, entre os anos de 2009 a 2021, utilizando os descritores: Doença por corpos de Lewy, Doença de Alzheimer, Doença de Parkinson, Assistência de Enfermagem. Resultado: A Demência do Corpo de Lewy é uma doença de difícil diagnóstico, por causa das semelhanças com as Doenças de Alzheimer e Parkinson, seu tratamento é baseado nessas patologias, não seguindo protocolos específicos da doença. A enfermagem tem por função principalmente orientar a família e oferecer uma assistência integral tanto para o paciente, quanto para o cuidador. Conclusão: É necessária, a realização de mais estudos, para entender como assistir um paciente diagnosticado com esta patologia adequadamente, dando suporte para um cuidado de enfermagem mais científico e integral, estabelecendo rotinas, promoveno assim qualidade de vida ao paciente e sua família.(AU)

Objective: To investigate Nursing care for patients with Lewy Body Dementia. Method: Integrative literature review, using the Scielo database, between 2009 and 2021, using the descriptors: Lewy body disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Nursing care. Result: Lewy Body Dementia is a disease that is difficult to diagnose, because of the similarities with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases, its treatment is based on these pathologies, not following disease-specific protocols. Nursing's main function is to guide the family and offer comprehensive care for both the patient and the caregiver. Conclusion: Further studies are needed to understand how to properly care for a patient diagnosed with this pathology, supporting a more scientific and comprehensive nursing care, establishing routines, thus promoting quality of life for patients and their families.(AU)

Objetivo: Investigar el cuidado de Enfermería a pacientes con Demencia con Cuerpos de Lewy. Método: Revisión integrativa de la literatura, utilizando la base de datos Scielo, entre 2009 y 2021, utilizando los descriptores: Enfermedad de cuerpos de Lewy, Enfermedad de Alzheimer, Enfermedad de Parkinson, Cuidados de enfermería. Resultado: La Demencia con Cuerpos de Lewy es una enfermedad de difícil diagnóstico, debido a las similitudes con el Alzheimer y el Parkinson, su tratamiento se basa en estas patologías, no siguiendo protocolos específicos de la enfermedad. La función principal de enfermería es orientar a la familia y ofrecer una atención integral tanto al paciente como al cuidador. Conclusión: Se necesitan más estudios para comprender cómo cuidar adecuadamente a un paciente diagnosticado con esta patología, apoyando un cuidado de enfermería más científico e integral, estableciendo rutinas, promoviendo así la calidad de vida de los pacientes y sus familias.(AU)

Cyt1Aa toxin gene frequency in Bacillus thuringiensis isolates and its relation with pathogenicity for vector mosquitoes.

Bacillus thuringiensis produces several virulence factors, the main ones being the Cry and Cyt toxins, present in the parasporal body produced during sporulation. The Cyt toxins have mechanisms specific for mosquitoes and Cyt1Aa, the most studied cytolytic toxin, is effective for mosquito control by acting in synergism with Cry toxins. The goal of the present work was to study the frequency of the codifying gene for Cyt1Aa in B. thuringiensis native isolates acquired from samples of soil, insect and water, as well as to verify any possible genetic polymorphism. 1,448 B thuringiensis strains were used for DNA extraction and PCR technique, all with the use of a primer that amplifies a fragment of 300 pairs of the cyt1Aa gene. The strains that showed amplification in the PCR reaction were sequenced and compared to each other and to the sequences available at Genbank. 32 (2.3%) strains of B. thuringiensis showed positive amplification for the cyt1Aa gene. The highest frequency of isolates with cyt1Aa gene was acquired from samples coming from the Cerrado biome, both isolates from soil and from insects, equally with 3.4%. The cyt1Aa gene sequencing highlighted that, for that 300 bp region, the gene is conserved and there is no single-base polymorphism.

Alterações posturais e nível de dor em mães com bebês de colo: um estudo transversal / Postural changes and pain level in mothers with lap babies: a transversal study

INTRODUÇÃO: O período gestacional caracteriza-se como um momento de grandes eventos fisiológicos, assim como também o período puerperal, que traz consigo grandes mudanças físicas e psicológicas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de alterações posturais e nível de dor em mães com bebês de colo. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Pesquisa transversal, de caráter descritivo e abordagem quantitativa, que foi desenvolvida com mães que participavam do acompanhamento de puericultura e aleitamento materno durante novembro de 2018 numa frequência de três vezes por semana. Para coleta dos dados, utilizou-se um formulário sociodemográfico para colher algumas informações pessoais; o Instrumento de Avaliação Postural (IAP) a Escala Analógica Visual de Dor (EVA). Os dados categóricos foram apresentados através de frequência simples e absolutas, seguidos da utilização do teste Qui-quadrado (χ²) de Pearson para a associação entre o nível de dor com as variáveis dependentes. RESULTADOS: A idade das mães manteve-se entre 18 e 35 anos, com nível de escolaridade completo, e a maioria sem atividade ocupacional. Observou-se que, apesar do estudo não apresentar associação significativa entre os hábitos posturais e o nível de dor, este sintoma esteve presente em 73,5 % das mulheres e prevaleceu em níveis de moderada (n=26) à intensa (n=24), mantendo uma relação discreta com alguns tipos de desvios. A alteração postural mais prevalente foi a hiperlordose lombar (69,1%). CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível perceber que a dor e os desvios posturais estão presentes em mulheres com bebês de colo, sendo necessário pensar em intervenções com esse enfoque para este grupo.

INTRODUCTION: The gestational period is characterized as a time of great physiological events and the puerperal period, which brings with it great physical and psychological changes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of postural changes and pain levels in mothers with babies in arms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional research, descriptive and quantitative approach, which was developed with mothers who participated in monitoring childcare and breastfeeding during November 2018 at a frequency of three times a week. For data collection, a sociodemographic form was used to collect some personal information; the Postural Assessment Instrument (IAP) the Visual Analog Pain Scale (VAS). Categorical data were presented using simple and absolute frequencies, followed by Pearson's chisquare test (χ²) for the association between the level of pain and the dependent variables. RESULTS: The age of mothers remained between 18 and 35 years old, with a complete level of education, and most of them had no occupational activity. It was observed that, although the study did not show a significant association between postural habits and the level of pain, this symptom was present in 73.5% of women and prevailed in levels from moderate (n=26) to severe (n=24), keeping a discreet relationship with some types of deviations. The most prevalent postural change was lumbar hyperlordosis (69.1%). CONCLUSION: It was possible to see that pain and postural deviations are present in women with babies in arms, and it is necessary to think of interventions with this focus for this group.

Comparing the cost-effectiveness of two screening strategies for latent tuberculosis infection in Portugal.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Screening for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in close contacts of infectious TB cases might include Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) and Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRA), in combination or as single-tests. In Portugal, the screening strategy changed from TST followed by IGRA to IGRA-only testing in 2016. Our objective was to compare the cost-effectiveness of two-step TST/IGRA with the current IGRA-only screening strategy in immunocompetent individuals exposed to individuals with respiratory TB. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed clinical records of individuals exposed to infectious TB cases diagnosed in 2015 and 2016, in two TB outpatient centers in the district of Porto. We estimated medical, non-medical and indirect costs for each screening strategy, taking into account costs of tests and health care personnel, travel distance from place of residence to screening site and employment status. We calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) as the cost difference between the two screening strategies with the difference number of LTBI diagnosis as a measure of cost-effectiveness, assuming that treating LTBI is a cost-effective intervention. We also calculated adjusted odds-ratios to test the association between diagnosis of LTBI and screening strategy and estimated the total cost for averting a potential TB case. RESULTS: We compared 499 contacts TST/IGRA screened with 547 IGRA-only. IGRA-only strategy yielded a higher screening effectiveness for diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection (aOR 2.12, 95%CI: 1.53 - 2.94). ICER was €106 per LTBI diagnosis, representing increased effectiveness with a slightly increased cost of IGRA-only screening strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggests that in Portugal LTBI screening with IGRA-only is more cost-effective than the two-step TST/IGRA testing strategy, preventing a higher number of cases of TB cases.

New traps for the capture of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) eggs and adults.

The control of arboviruses carried by Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) can be performed with tools that monitor and reduce the circulation of these vectors. Therefore, the efficiency of four types of traps in capturing A. aegypti and A. albopictus eggs and adults, with the biological product Vectobac WG, was evaluated in the field. For this, 20 traps were installed in two locations, which were in the South (Londrina, Paraná) and North (Manaus, Amazonas) Regions of Brazil, from March to April 2017 and January to February 2018, respectively. The UELtrap-E (standard trap) and UELtrap-EA traps captured A. aegypti and A. albopictus eggs: 1703/1866 eggs in Londrina, and 10268/2149 eggs in Manaus, respectively, and presented high ovitraps positivity index (OPI) values (averages: 100%/100% in Londrina, and 100%/96% in Manaus, respectively); and high egg density index (EDI) values (averages: 68/75 in Londrina, and 411/89 in Manaus, respectively), so they had statistically superior efficiency to that of the CRtrap-E and CRtrap-EA traps in both regions, that captured less eggs and adults: 96/69 eggs in Londrina, and 1091/510 eggs in Manaus, respectively. Also presented lower OPI values (averages: 28%/4% in Londrina, and 88%/60% in Manaus, respectively); and lower EDI values (averages: 10.5/9 in Londrina, and 47/30 in Manaus, respectively). The capture ratios of Aedes adults in the UELtrap-EA and CRtrap-EA traps in Londrina and Manaus were 53.3%/29.5% and 0%/9.8%, respectively. UELtrap-EA can be adopted as efficient tool for Aedes monitoring due to their high sensitivity, low cost and ease of use.

Evaluation of chelating and cytoprotective activity of vanillin against the toxic action of mercuric chloride as an alternative for phytoremediation.

Mercury is widely found in nature, however, in low concentrations, but anthropological activities have increased its concentration considerably. This causes various environmental hazards and human health. Many substances are capable of reversing the toxicity of mercuric chloride in the environment. The aim of the present study was to determine the chelating effect of vanillin, as well as to evaluate its capacity for cytoprotection in prokaryotic and eukaryotic plant models. Chelating activity was determined from vanillin's ability to reduce iron III ions. To evaluate cytoprotection in a unicellular prokaryotic and eukaryotic model, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, respectively, were used. And to evaluate the cytoprotective activity in vegetables, lettuce seeds were submitted to different concentrations of mercuric chloride and its association with the sub-allelopathic concentration of vanillin (32 µg/mL). Vanillin has been found to have antioxidant activity as it can reduce iron III ions. The use of vanillin also allows for better growth and development of Lactuca sativa seed root and stem, also allowing better preservation of its biochemical structures. These results are quite important, as environmental contamination by heavy metals has increased dramatically and finding a viable alternative to grow vegetables in contaminated areas is very valid.

Morphometry of the heart of greater rhea (Rhea americana americana, Linnaeus, 1758).

Heart diseases in birds are frequent and generate significant production disorders. Morphometry is a valuable tool to provide fundamental information about heart conditions. Few studies have addressed morphological aspects of the heart of ratite birds, such as the Greater rhea. The present study aimed to analyse rhea heart morphometry, comparing young and adult subjects, in order to provide relevant information for the diagnosis of heart disease in this species. Hearts of young (n = 10) and adult (n = 10) female rheas were used in this research. Heart length and width and sternum length were measured using a caliper. Heart length and width and sternum length in adults were approximately three times greater than in young individuals. The left ventricular wall (LVW) was thicker than the right ventricular wall (RVW) at all ages, and the RVW was thicker in adults when compared to young subjects. The basal and middle RVW regions thicken with advancing age, and the thickness of the interventricular septum (ISW) occupies an intermediate position between the LVW and RVW. In general, an increase in rhea heart thickness and size relative to age is observed. The morphometric variations between young and adult rhea hearts observed in the present study may serve as a comparative subsidy for the diagnosis of cardiac abnormalities observed in this species.

Pulmonary Emphysema in a Child With Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency: Evaluation of 2 Years of Intravenous Augmentation Therapy / Enfisema pulmonar en un niño con deficiencia de alfa 1 antitripsina: evaluación tras dos años con terapia de aumento

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Relação entre periodontite e doenças pulmonares: revisão de literatura / Relationship between periodontitis and pulmonary diseases: literature review

A doença periodontal é uma doença infecciosa que atinge os tecidos de sustentação e proteção do dente e tem como principal determinante o biofilme dental. Recentemente foram feitas pesquisas que indicam a doença periodontal como um provável fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares, incluindo aterosclerose, infarto do miocárdio, acidente vascular cerebral, diabetes, partos prematuros e distúrbios respiratórios. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo revisar na literatura a partir das influências da doença periodontal no desenvolvimento e potencialização de patologias pulmonares, compreendendo o processo infeccioso no trato respiratório ocasionado por bactérias bucais. Para tanto, foi realizada uma busca eletrônica de artigos científicos indexados em bases de dados, como: Pubmed, Scielo e Lilacs. Os critérios de inclusão adotados, foram: a) Idioma: Línguas Portuguesa e Inglesa; b) Período: De 2007 a 2018; c) Método de pesquisa: Estudos observacionais e ensaios clínicos. Os estudos que buscam investigar o vínculo existente entre as doenças periodontais e patologias pulmonares, bem como os fatores facilitadores e predisponentes são fundamentais à elaboração de estratégias no que concerne aos setores da saúde, em virtude de estarem relacionados a altos índices de morbidade e mortalidade. Os achados da literatura acima apresentadas neste trabalho, demonstram que a higienização bucal é o mecanismo mais eficaz à prevenção de origem e exacerbação de patologias respiratórias, provenientes do contato com agentes patógenos oriundos do biofilme oral.(AU)

The periodontal disease isaninfectious disease that reaches the tissues of support and protection of the tooth, its main determinant is the dental biofilm. Research has recently be end one that indicate periodontal disease as a likely risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including at herosclerosis, myocardial linfarction, stroke, diabetes, preterm delivery, and respiratory disorders. The present work aim store view in the literature from the influences of periodontal disease on the development and potentiation of pulmonary pathologies, including the infectious process in the respiratory tractcaused by oral bacteria. To do so an electronic search of scientific articles indexed in data bases was performed, such as Pubmed, Scielo and Lilacs. The inclusion criteria adopted were: a) Language: Portuguese and English; b) Period: From 2007 to 2018; c) Research method: Observational studies and clinical trials. Studies that seek to investigate the link between periodontal diseases and pulmonary pathologies, as well as the facilitating and predisposing factors are fundamental to the development of strategies in the health sectors, because they are related to high morbidit yandmortality rates. The literature findings presented in this study, demonstrated that oral hygiene is the most effective mechanism for the prevention of origin and exacerbation of respiratory pathologies, arising from contact with pathogenic agents originating from oral biofilm (AU)

Aicardi syndrome: a case report / Síndrome de Aicardi: relato de caso

Abstract Introduction: the Aicardi syndrome (SA) is characterized as a rare syndrome identified in the presence of three classic characteristics: corpus callosum agenesis, chorioretinal lacunaeand infantile spasms. Description: data collection involved information reported by the mother and the accompanying physiotherapist describing the patient's clinical history andmajor complications according to clinical evolution, treatment, and therapeutic response. At two months of age, the child presented a delayed neuropsychomotor development and infantile spasms.However,the diagnosis of the syndrome was only performed at six months of life, involving brain magnetic resonance imaging where corneal body agenesis was observed. A multidisciplinary treatment was assembledwith a neuropediatrician, a physiotherapist, a psychologist, a nutritionistand a speech therapist, besides drug treatment with baclofen and phenobarbital. Discussion: through the established treatment, the child displayedmotor gain, cervical control, improvement of the respiratory condition, and no need forhospital admissions;these outcomescharacterizea good clinical evolution associated with the physiotherapeutic intervention focused on prevention and minimization of respiratory alterationsthatare frequently associated with morbidity and mortality in these cases. The results obtained point out the fundamental role of multidisciplinary intervention in coping with this condition.

Resumo Introdução: a Síndrome de Aicardi (SA), caracteriza-se como uma síndrome rara identificada na presença das três características clássicas: agenesia de corpo caloso, lacunas coriorretinianas e espamos infantis. Descrição: a coleta de dados envolveu informações relatadas pela genitora e pelo fisioterapeuta acompanhante da paciente, descrevendo assim a história clínica da paciente, as principais complicações de acordo com a evolução clínica, o tratamento e resposta terapêutica. Aos dois meses de idade a criança apresentou atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e espasmos infantis, porém o diagnóstico da síndrome foi realizado somente aos seis meses de vida envolvendo um exame de ressonância magnética de encéfalo onde foi observada agenesia de corpo caloso, iniciando-se tratamento multidisciplinar com neuropediatra, fisioterapeuta, psicólogo, nutricionista e fonoaudiólogo, além do tratamento medicamentoso com baclofeno e fenobarbital. Discussão: através do tratamento estabelecido, a criança obteve ganho motor, controle cervical, melhora da condição respiratória e sem internações hospitalares, caracterizando uma boa evolução associada particularmente à intervenção fisioterapêutica que teve enfoque na prevenção e minimização de alterações respiratórias frequentemente associadas à morbidades e mortalidade nestes casos. Os resultados obtidos apontam o papel fundamental da intervenção multidisciplinar para o enfrentamento desta condição.

Oviposition of Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, 1762 and Aedes albopictus Skuse, 1894 (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory and field conditions using ovitraps associated to different control agents, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of different control agents of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus associated with ovitraps under laboratory and field conditions. Five treatments were used: grass infusion + Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (gI + Bti), grass infusion + Saccharopolyspora spinosa (gI + Ss), grass infusion + Pyriproxyfen (gI + P), distilled water + Toxorhynchites haemorrhoidalis (dW + Th), and grass infusion (gI) (control). The highest mean number of eggs of both species were obtained with grass infusion in the laboratory. Among control agents, the lowest mean of A. aegypti eggs occurred with gI + Ss and the lowest mean of A. albopictus eggs occurred with dW + Th. There was no difference between treatments in A. aegypti (P = 0.4320) and A. albopictus (P = 0.7179). In the field, the highest mean number of eggs for both species were obtained with gI + Ss, and the lowest values were obtained with gI + P (P = 0.0124). The treatments can be applied to both the surveillance and the control, but ovitraps with biological larvicide Bti were more effective and safer considering the number of eggs laid and selectivity of pathogens for mosquitoes.

Spontaneous Pulmonary Hematoma as a Complication of Anticoagulant Therapy / Hematoma pulmonar espontáneo como complicación del tratamiento anticoagulante

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Isolation and molecular characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis found in soils of the Cerrado region of Brazil, and their toxicity to Aedes aegypti larvae

ABSTRACT This study investigated the potential of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates obtained in the Cerrado region of the Brazilian state of Maranhão for the biological control of Aedes aegypti larvae. The isolates were obtained from soil samples and the identification of the B. thuringiensis colonies was based on morphological characteristics. Bioassays were run to assess the pathogenicity and toxicity of the different strains of the B. thuringiensis against third-instar larvae of A. aegypti. Protein profiles were obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polymerase chain reaction assays were used to detect the toxin genes found in the bacterial isolates. Overall, 12 (4.0%) of the 300 isolates obtained from 45 soil samples were found to present larvicidal activity, with the BtMA-104, BtMA-401 and BtMA-560 isolates causing 100% of mortality. The BtMA-401 isolate was the most virulent, with the lowest median lethal concentration (LC50) (0.004 × 107 spores/mL), followed by the Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis standard (0.32 × 107 spores/mL). The protein profiles of BtMA-25 and BtMA-401 isolates indicated the presence of molecular mass consistent with the presence of the proteins Cry4Aa, Cry11Aa and Cyt1, similar to the profile of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis IPS-82. Surprisingly, however, none of the cry and cyt genes analyzed were amplified in the isolate BtMA-401. The results of the present study revealed the larvicidal potential of B. thuringiensis isolates found in the soils of the Cerrado region from Maranhão, although further research will be necessary to better elucidate and describe other genes associated with the production of insecticidal toxins in these isolates.

Molecular characterization of the gene profile of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner isolated from Brazilian ecosystems and showing pathogenic activity against mosquito larvae of medical importance.

The occurrence of Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles potentiate the spread of several diseases, such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya, urban yellow fever, filariasis, and malaria, a situation currently existing in Brazil and in Latin America. Control of the disease vectors is the most effective tool for containing the transmission of the pathogens causing these diseases, and the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis has been widely used and has shown efficacy over many years. However, new B. thuringiensis (Bt) strains with different gene combinations should be sought for use as an alternative to Bti and to prevent the resistant insects selected. Aiming to identify diversity in the Bt in different Brazilian ecosystems and to assess the pathogenicity of this bacterium to larvae of Ae. aegypti, C. quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles darlingi, Bt strains were obtained from the Amazon, Caatinga (semi-arid region), and Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) biomes and tested in pathogenicity bioassays in third-instar larvae of Ae. aegypti under controlled conditions in the laboratory. The isolates with larvicidal activity to larvae of Ae. aegypti were used in bioassays with the larvae of C. quinquefasciatus and An. darlingi and characterized according to the presence of 14 cry genes (cry1, cry2, cry4, cry10, cry11, cry24, cry32, cry44Aa, cry1Ab, cry4Aa, cry4Ba, cry10Aa, cry11Aa, and cry11Ba), six cyt genes (cyt1, cyt2, cyt1Aa, cyt1Ab, cyt2Aa and cyt2Ba), and the chi gene. Four hundred strains of Bt were isolated: 244 from insects, 85 from Amazon soil, and 71 from the Caatinga biome. These strains, in addition to the 153 strains isolated from Cerrado soil and obtained from the Entomopathogenic Bacillus Bank of Maranhão, were tested in bioassays with Ae. aegypti larvae. A total of 37 (6.7%) strains showed larvicidal activity, with positive amplification of the cry, cyt, and chi genes. The most frequently amplified genes were cry4Aa and cry4Ba, both occurring in 59.4% in these strains, followed by cyt1Aa and cyt2Aa, with 56.7% and 48% occurrence, respectively. Twelve (2.2%) strains that presented 100% mortality within 24h were used in bioassays to estimate the median lethal concentration (LC50) for Ae. aegypti larvae. Two strains (BtMA-690 and BtMA-1114) showed toxicity equal to that of the Bti standard strain, and the same LC50 value (0.003mg/L) was recorded for the three bacteria after 48h of exposure. Detection of the presence of the Bt strains that showed pathogenicity for mosquito larvae in the three biomes studied was possible. Therefore, these strains are promising for the control of insect vectors, particularly the BtMA-1114 strain, which presents a gene profile different from that of Bti but with the same toxic effect.

Pain level associated to socio-demographic and clinical variables in people living with human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome / Nível de dor associado a variáveis sócio-demográficas e clínicas em pessoas que vivem com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana e a síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Pain is a common symptom in people living with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, being widely underreported and not treated. For this reason, there is the need for studies discussing the subject in the attempt to explain factors involved in this process and to look for adequate and effective therapies. So, this study aimed at relating pain level in people living with human immunodeficiency virus to socio-demographic and clinical variables. METHODS: This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study with 261 individuals living with the human immunodeficiency virus. Visual analog scale for pain intensity and semi-structured interview for anamnesis were applied. RESULTS: A total of 47.5% of individuals was found reporting mild pain/no pain; 24.1% with moderate pain and 28.4% with severe pain. There has been significant relationship between pain and gender (p=0.02), health status (p=0.001), health perception with regard to feeling ill or not (p=0.001) and infection stage (p=0.005). Pain was characterized as shooting (69%), piercing (55%) and burning (41%), with significant relationship with regard to pain intensity (p<0.001) and time (p<0.001). When the logistic regression model was applied, the fact of being a female has represented a risk of 7.256 (p<0.001) for moderate pain and of 5.329 (p<0.004) for severe pain. With regard to age, age groups between 21 and 30 years (0.073; p<0.046), 41 and 50 years (0.068; p<0.023) and 51 and 60 years (0.063; p<0,030) were protection factors for the presence of moderate pain. With regard to health status, this variable was a risk factor for the presence of moderate pain (8.13; p<0.038) and severe pain (11.73; p<0.005). CONCLUSION: Pain was a prevalent symptom among people living with human immunodeficiency virus.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor é um sintoma comum em pessoas que vivem com a síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, sendo bastante subnotificada e não tratada. Por esse motivo, existe a necessidade de estudos que discutam a temática na tentativa de esclarecer os fatores envolvidos nesse processo e buscar tratamentos adequados e eficazes. Dentro dessa perspectiva, o objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar o nível de dor em pessoas que vivem com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana, com variáveis sócio-demográficas e clínicas. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa descritiva com caráter transversal, com 261 indivíduos vivendo com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Foi aplicada a escala analógica visual para a intensidade da dor e entrevista semiestruturada como anamnese. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrado um total de 47,5% indivíduos referindo dor leve/sem dor; 24,1% com dor moderada e 28,4% com dor intensa. Foi encontrada relação significativa entre a dor e o sexo (p=0,02), estado de saúde (p=0,001), percepção da saúde, quanto a se sentir doente ou não (p=0,001) e o estágio da infecção (p=0,005). A dor foi caracterizada em lancinante (69%), perfurante (55%) e em queimação (41%), sendo encontrada relação significativa entre essas variáveis (p<0,001). Foi possível encontrar também uma associação significativa com relação a intensidade da dor (p<0,001) e o tempo (p<0,001). Quando aplicado o modelo de regressão logística, o fato de ser mulher representou um risco de 7,256 (p<0,001) para a dor moderada e de 5,329 (p<0,004) para dor intensa. Com relação a idade, as faixas etárias de 21 a 30 anos (0,073; p<0,046), 41 a 50 anos (0,068; p<0,023) e 51 a 60 anos (0,063; p<0,030), apresentaram-se como fator de proteção para a presença de dor moderada. Com relação ao estado de saúde, esta variável apresentou-se como fator de risco para a presença de dor moderada (8,13; p<0,038) e intensa (11,73; p<0,005). CONCLUSÃO: A dor foi um sintoma prevalente entre as pessoas que vivem com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana.

Assistência e acompanhamento de enfermagem a mulheres com diabetes gestacional / Nursing care and follow-up to women with gestational diabetes

Introdução: O diabetes gestacional é definido como qualquer grau de redução da tolerância à glicose, cujo início ou detecção ocorre durante a gravidez. O controle inadequado do DMG aumenta os riscos, as complicações e os efeitos adversos para o binômio mãe-filho no período pré-natal e neonatal. Objetivos: Identificar a ocorrência de rastreamento positivo para diabetes entre gestantes e destacar a assistência de enfermagem prestada a essas mulheres. Método: Uma revisão integrativa de modo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa. Resultados: Selecionou-se 06 artigos que foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Discussão: Foi verificado que valorizar a interação entre profissional e paciente é um aspecto primordial do cuidado de enfermagem configurando-se como um passo importante para o sucesso da relação entre os dois. Considerações finais: Identificamos que a ocorrência do diabetes gestacional é um fator cada vez mais inserido na realidade da atuação da enfermagem, seja em âmbito primário, secundário ou terciário.