Use of wild vertebrates for consumption and bushmeat trade in Brazil: a review.

BACKGROUND: Bushmeat is a resource exploited by thousands of people around the world, especially in tropical and neotropical regions, constituting an important source of protein and income. But what is known, so far, about the consumption and trade of wild vertebrate meat (hereinafter "bushmeat") in a megadiverse country like Brazil? This question was answered through a systematic survey of publications on the consumption and trade of wild vertebrate meat made in Brazil between 2011 and 2021. METHODS: We selected 63 scientific articles available on "Google Scholar," "Science Direct," "Scopus," " Web of Science" and "Portal de Periódico da CAPES." The articles were categorized as: exclusive to (1) consumption or (2) bushmeat trade, totals of 54 and three articles, respectively; both (3) consumption and trade bushmeat, totaling six articles. We applied a nonparametric Spearman's correlation analysis to verify the association between the number of papers and the species richness of wild vertebrates cited for consumption by Brazilian state. RESULTS: The results revealed that the publications were concentrated in the Northeast (36), North (26) and Southeast (1) regions, distributed across 16 states of the federation. These data reinforce the need for more researches in states and other regions of the country. Our research hypothesis was confirmed, since the richness of species cited for meat consumption was positively associated with the amount of work carried out by the states of the federation. We identified a total of 321 species of wild vertebrates mentioned in the categories involving the consumption of bushmeat. We had a greater bird species richness mentioned for consumption (170) to the detriment of mammals (107), reptiles (40) and amphibians (4). Furthermore, in the articles involving the bushmeat trade categories we had 57 species of vertebrates mentioned, with mammals being the most representative in terms of species richness (29), to the detriment of birds (20) and reptiles (8). These data reinforce that birds and mammals have been the groups most used both for consumption and trade in bushmeat in the country's regions, and it is necessary to mitigate the hunting exploitation of these groups. We recorded that socioeconomic, biological, environmental and sociocultural factors were the most cited predictors of the consumption and trade of bushmeat in the articles. We identified that the bushmeat trade chain is dynamic and ramified, made up of several actors, including specialized and diversified hunters, intermediaries, market sellers, market vendors, restaurant owners and final customers. Public markets and open-air fairs were the most cited places for buying and selling wild meat in commerce. CONCLUSIONS: In general, our results indicate that we have made significant advances in publications on the consumption and trade of bushmeat in Brazil over the last few years. However, we highlight the need to better understand the patterns of consumption and trade of bushmeat in different regions of the country, as well as the factors associated with the dynamics of the trade chain and uses of wildlife by local communities. We emphasized that a multidimensional understanding of hunting activities is important to face socio-ecological problems and improve the conservation of target species which have continually been explored for uses by populations in different regions of the world.

Quantifying protocols for safe school activities.

By the peak of COVID-19 restrictions on April 8, 2020, up to 1.5 billion students across 188 countries were affected by the suspension of physical attendance in schools. Schools were among the first services to reopen as vaccination campaigns advanced. With the emergence of new variants and infection waves, the question now is to find safe protocols for the continuation of school activities. We need to understand how reliable these protocols are under different levels of vaccination coverage, as many countries have a meager fraction of their population vaccinated, including Uganda where the coverage is about 8%. We investigate the impact of face-to-face classes under different protocols and quantify the surplus number of infected individuals in a city. Using the infection transmission when schools were closed as a baseline, we assess the impact of physical school attendance in classrooms with poor air circulation. We find that (i) resuming school activities with people only wearing low-quality masks leads to a near fivefold city-wide increase in the number of cases even if all staff is vaccinated, (ii) resuming activities with students wearing good-quality masks and staff wearing N95s leads to about a threefold increase, (iii) combining high-quality masks and active monitoring, activities may be carried out safely even with low vaccination coverage. These results highlight the effectiveness of good mask-wearing. Compared to ICU costs, high-quality masks are inexpensive and can help curb the spreading. Classes can be carried out safely, provided the correct set of measures are implemented.

The practice of dentistry in intensive care units in Brazil. / A atuação da Odontologia em unidades de terapia intensiva no Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the practice of dentistry in intensive care units. METHODS: An observational survey study was conducted in which questionnaires were sent via the online platform for collaboration in intensive care research in Brazil (AMIBnet). The study was carried out from June to October 2017. The questionnaires, which contained 26 closed questions about hospitals and dentistry practices in the intensive care units, were sent to 4,569 professionals from different specialties practicing in the units. RESULTS: In total, 203 questionnaires were returned, resulting in a response rate of 4.44%. Most of the responses were from intensive care units in the Southeast region of the country (46.8%). Public hospitals (37.9%) and private hospitals (36.4%) had similar participation rates. Of the respondents, 55% indicated that a bedside dentistry service was present, and they were provided in different ways. CONCLUSION: The presence of dentistry services and oral health service delivery training and protocols were correlated. The oral care methods varied greatly among the intensive care units surveyed.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a atuação odontológica em unidades de terapia intensiva. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional de enquete, por meio do envio de questionários via plataforma on-line de colaboração de pesquisa em terapia intensiva no Brasil (AMIBnet). A pesquisa foi realizada de junho a outubro de 2017. Os questionários, envolvendo 26 questões fechadas sobre os hospitais e a atuação odontológica nas unidades de terapia intensiva foram enviados para 4.569 profissionais de diversas especialidades atuantes nas unidades. RESULTADOS: Obtivemos 203 questionários respondidos, resultando em uma taxa de resposta de 4,44%. A maior parte das respostas teve origem em unidades de terapia intensiva na Região Sudeste do país (46,8%). Hospitais públicos (37,9%) e privados (36,4%) tiveram participação semelhante nos resultados. Dos respondentes, 55% apontaram que um serviço de Odontologia à beira de leito estava presente, sendo prestado de maneiras diversas. CONCLUSÃO: Presença de Serviço de Odontologia e de treinamentos e protocolos de prestação de serviço em saúde bucal estiveram correlacionados. Os métodos de cuidados orais variaram sobremaneira entre as em unidades de terapia intensiva pesquisadas.

A atuação da Odontologia em unidades de terapia intensiva no Brasil / The practice of dentistry in intensive care units in Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a atuação odontológica em unidades de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Estudo observacional de enquete, por meio do envio de questionários via plataforma on-line de colaboração de pesquisa em terapia intensiva no Brasil (AMIBnet). A pesquisa foi realizada de junho a outubro de 2017. Os questionários, envolvendo 26 questões fechadas sobre os hospitais e a atuação odontológica nas unidades de terapia intensiva foram enviados para 4.569 profissionais de diversas especialidades atuantes nas unidades. Resultados: Obtivemos 203 questionários respondidos, resultando em uma taxa de resposta de 4,44%. A maior parte das respostas teve origem em unidades de terapia intensiva na Região Sudeste do país (46,8%). Hospitais públicos (37,9%) e privados (36,4%) tiveram participação semelhante nos resultados. Dos respondentes, 55% apontaram que um serviço de Odontologia à beira de leito estava presente, sendo prestado de maneiras diversas. Conclusão: Presença de Serviço de Odontologia e de treinamentos e protocolos de prestação de serviço em saúde bucal estiveram correlacionados. Os métodos de cuidados orais variaram sobremaneira entre as em unidades de terapia intensiva pesquisadas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the practice of dentistry in intensive care units. Methods: An observational survey study was conducted in which questionnaires were sent via the online platform for collaboration in intensive care research in Brazil (AMIBnet). The study was carried out from June to October 2017. The questionnaires, which contained 26 closed questions about hospitals and dentistry practices in the intensive care units, were sent to 4,569 professionals from different specialties practicing in the units. Results: In total, 203 questionnaires were returned, resulting in a response rate of 4.44%. Most of the responses were from intensive care units in the Southeast region of the country (46.8%). Public hospitals (37.9%) and private hospitals (36.4%) had similar participation rates. Of the respondents, 55% indicated that a bedside dentistry service was present, and they were provided in different ways. Conclusion: The presence of dentistry services and oral health service delivery training and protocols were correlated. The oral care methods varied greatly among the intensive care units surveyed.

Detection and molecular characterization of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax in dairy cattle in the state of Sergipe, northeastern Brazil / Detecção e caracterização molecular de Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax em gado leiteiro no estado de Sergipe, no Nordeste do Brasil

Abstract Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax is an important cause of economic losses among feedlot cattle. These losses are related to the morbidity, mortality, reproductive issues and decreased production. It is known that the clinical signs observed in infections by this protozoon are similar to other hemoparasitosis, which difficult the diagnosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect and molecularly characterize an outbreak of trypanosomiasis caused by T. (D.) vivax in dairy cattle in the municipality of São Miguel Aleixo, state of Sergipe, Brazil. Blood samples from cattle (n = 15) presenting clinical signs compatible with trypanosomiasis were collected and parasitological and molecular evaluated. Among the samples analyzed, 34% (5/15) were positive from blood smears, 60% (9/15) from the buffy coat method and 80% (12/15) from the molecular method. The DNA sequence obtained (659 bp) showed 99% similarity to T. (D.) vivax sequences that are available in the GenBank database. The presence of this protozoon in cattle herds is a problem for producers. Diagnosing trypanosomiasis is problematic because its evolution is similar to that of other parasitic blood diseases. In addition, this is the first report of infection by T. (D.) vivax in cattle in the state of Sergipe, northeastern Brazil.

Resumo Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax é responsável por consideráveis perdas econômicas na bovinocultura. Estas perdas estão relacionados à morbidade, mortalidade, problemas reprodutivos e declínio na produção. Sabe-se que os sinais clínicos apresentados em infecções por este protozoário se assemelha a outras hemoparasitoses, dificultando muitas vezes o diagnóstico. Portanto, objetivou-se com este estudo detectar a ocorrência de T. (D.) vivax em bovinos leiteiros no município de São Miguel Aleixo, Estado de Sergipe, Brasil. Para tanto, amostras de sangue (n = 15) foram coletadas e avaliadas através de métodos parasitológicos e moleculares. Do total das amostras analisadas, 34% (5/15) foram positivas no esfregaço sanguíneo, 60% (9/15) pelo método do Buffy Coat, enquanto na biologia molecular 80% (12/15) amplificaram um fragmento de DNA (659 pb) compatível com T. (D.) vivax (GenBank). Em conclusão a presença de T. (D.) vivax nos rebanhos bovinos caracteriza-se como um problema para os pecuaristas, como também para o diagnóstico, uma vez que essa tripanossomíase apresenta evolução semelhante a outras hemoparasitoses. Ademais, este é o primeiro relato de infecção por T. (D.) vivax em bovinos do estado de Sergipe, nordeste do Brasil.

Detection and molecular characterization of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax in dairy cattle in the state of Sergipe, northeastern Brazil.

Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax is an important cause of economic losses among feedlot cattle. These losses are related to the morbidity, mortality, reproductive issues and decreased production. It is known that the clinical signs observed in infections by this protozoon are similar to other hemoparasitosis, which difficult the diagnosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect and molecularly characterize an outbreak of trypanosomiasis caused by T. (D.) vivax in dairy cattle in the municipality of São Miguel Aleixo, state of Sergipe, Brazil. Blood samples from cattle (n = 15) presenting clinical signs compatible with trypanosomiasis were collected and parasitological and molecular evaluated. Among the samples analyzed, 34% (5/15) were positive from blood smears, 60% (9/15) from the buffy coat method and 80% (12/15) from the molecular method. The DNA sequence obtained (659 bp) showed 99% similarity to T. (D.) vivax sequences that are available in the GenBank database. The presence of this protozoon in cattle herds is a problem for producers. Diagnosing trypanosomiasis is problematic because its evolution is similar to that of other parasitic blood diseases. In addition, this is the first report of infection by T. (D.) vivax in cattle in the state of Sergipe, northeastern Brazil.

Assessment of transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in the Agreste region of Pernambuco / Avaliação da transmissão transplacentária do Neospora caninum em bovinos de leite na região Agreste de Pernambuco

Abstract The transplacental transmission is the primary route of Neospora caninum infection in bovine herds around the world. This study aimed to determine the frequency of transplacental transmission of the parasite in dairy cattle of Agreste region of Pernambuco through serological tests (IFAT and ELISA). Three hundred sixteen serum samples from cows and heifers and their offspring were analyzed. The transplacental transmission rate was 72.22% (13/18) for cows and 69.23% (9/13) for heifers by IFAT. ELISA test showed transplacental transmission rate of 43.58% (17/39) for cows and 50% (9/18) for heifers. The transplacental transmission rates were similar, in both groups in test, but a higher seropositivity was found in cows by IFAT. Data were statistically analyzed using the chi-square and Fisher’s exact test. A significant relationship of dependence between seropositivity of mothers and their offspring was found. The more frequent IFAT antibody titers and ELISA levels for N. caninum were, respectively, 200 and between four (cows) and five (heifers and offspring). In the Spearman correlation, no association was found between the magnitude of antibody titers for N. caninum between mothers and their offspring. The kappa test showed an index of 0.35, indicating a mild correlation between the serological tests used. The study suggests that cows and heifers are the main transmitters of N. caninum in the studied region and that vertical transmission is the major form of transmission in dairy herds of the Agreste region of Pernambuco.

Resumo A transmissão transplacentária é a principal via de infecção do Neospora caninum nos rebanhos bovinos em todo o mundo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a frequência da transmissão transplacentária do parasita em bovinos leiteiros do Agreste Pernambucano, por meio de testes sorológicos (RIFI e ELISA). Foram analisadas 316 amostras de soro de fêmeas bovinas (vacas e novilhas) e de suas crias. A taxa de transmissão transplacentária pela RIFI foi de 72,22% (13/18) para vacas e 69,23% (9/13) para as novilhas. O ELISA teste mostrou taxa de transmissão transplacentária de 43,58% (17/39) para as vacas e 50% (9/18) para as novilhas. As taxas de transmissão transplacentária foram similares para os dois testes em geral, porém uma maior soropositividade foi encontrada nas vacas pela RIFI. Os dados foram estatisticamente analisados pelo teste de qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fischer. Foi encontrada uma relação significativa de dependência entre a soropositividade das mães e de suas crias. Os títulos de anticorpos anti- N. caninum foi de 200 na RIFI e posicionados entre o nível quatro (vacas) e cinco (novilhas e bezerros) pelo ELISA. Pela correlação de Spearman, não foi observada associação entre a magnitude de títulos de anticorpos anti- N. caninum de fêmeas com o de suas crias. O teste de concordância kappa revelou um índice de 0,35, indicando uma concordância leve entre os testes sorológicos utilizados. O estudo sugere que vacas e novilhas são as principais transmissoras do N. caninum na região estudada, sendo a transmissão vertical, a principal forma de transmissão do agente em rebanhos leiteiros do Agreste de Pernambuco.

Assessment of transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in the Agreste region of Pernambuco.

The transplacental transmission is the primary route of Neospora caninum infection in bovine herds around the world. This study aimed to determine the frequency of transplacental transmission of the parasite in dairy cattle of Agreste region of Pernambuco through serological tests (IFAT and ELISA). Three hundred sixteen serum samples from cows and heifers and their offspring were analyzed. The transplacental transmission rate was 72.22% (13/18) for cows and 69.23% (9/13) for heifers by IFAT. ELISA test showed transplacental transmission rate of 43.58% (17/39) for cows and 50% (9/18) for heifers. The transplacental transmission rates were similar, in both groups in test, but a higher seropositivity was found in cows by IFAT. Data were statistically analyzed using the chi-square and Fisher's exact test. A significant relationship of dependence between seropositivity of mothers and their offspring was found. The more frequent IFAT antibody titers and ELISA levels for N. caninum were, respectively, 200 and between four (cows) and five (heifers and offspring). In the Spearman correlation, no association was found between the magnitude of antibody titers for N. caninum between mothers and their offspring. The kappa test showed an index of 0.35, indicating a mild correlation between the serological tests used. The study suggests that cows and heifers are the main transmitters of N. caninum in the studied region and that vertical transmission is the major form of transmission in dairy herds of the Agreste region of Pernambuco.

Doença renal policística em bezerro / Polycystic kidney disease in a calf

This report describes a case of polycystic kidney disease in a male, mixed breed bovine aged one year. On clinical examination revealed a poor nutritional status, pallid mucous membranes, moderated dehydration (8 to 10%), ulcers on the ventral portion of the tongue, multifocal areas of hypotrichosis covered with scabs throughout the entire body and permanent sternolateral decubitus. The blood exam revealed aregenerative anemia and leukocytosis (neutrophilia) with deviation to the left. The necropsy revealed enlarged, pallid kidneys with a finely irregular natural surface. The histological analysis revealed the nearly complete replacement of the renal cortex by numerous small cysts, distension of the Bowman space, tubular regeneration, fibrosis, edema and mild interstitial lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate. Keywords: diseases of cattle, kidney disease, lesions uremia, nephropathy

Doença renal policística em bezerro / Polycystic kidney disease in a calf

Este relato descreve um caso de doença renal policística em um bovino, macho, mestiço, com um ano de idade. Ao exame clínicoobservou-se estado nutricional ruim, mucosas pálidas, desidratação moderada (8% a 10%), úlceras na região ventral da língua,áreas multifocais de hipotricose recobertas por crostas por todo o corpo e decúbito esterno-lateral permanente. Na avaliação dohemograma observou-se principalmente anemia arregenerativa e leucocitose devido à neutrofilia com desvio à [confirmar] esquerda.Na necropsia, os rins estavam aumentados de volume, pálidos e com a superfície natural finamente irregular. Histologicamente, haviasubstituição quase completa da cortical renal por múltiplos e pequenos cistos, distensão dos espaços de Bowman, regeneraçãotubular, fibrose, edema e leve infiltrado inflamatório linfoplasmocítico intersticial.

This report describes a case of polycystic kidney disease in a male, mixed breed bovine aged one year. On clinical examinationrevealed a poor nutritional status, pallid mucous membranes, moderated dehydration (8 to 10%), ulcers on the ventral portion ofthe tongue, multifocal areas of hypotrichosis covered with scabs throughout the entire body and permanent sternolateral decubitus.The blood exam revealed aregenerative anemia and leukocytosis (neutrophilia) with deviation to the left. The necropsy revealedenlarged, pallid kidneys with a finely irregular natural surface. The histological analysis revealed the nearly complete replacementof the renal cortex by numerous small cysts, distension of the Bowman space, tubular regeneration, fibrosis, edema and mildinterstitial lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate.

Dilatação do ceco em bezerros: relato de casos / Cecal dilatation in calves: case reports

A dilatação do ceco (DC) é um transtorno digestivo de natureza fermentativa com maior ocorrência em vacas de leite, sendopoucos os relatos sobre a sua ocorrência em bezerros. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar as manifestações clínicocirúrgicas,laboratoriais e anatomopatológicas da DC diagnosticada em quatro bezerros, atendidos na Clínica de Bovinos, CampusGaranhuns da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE). Ao exame clínico dos animais constatou-se um quadro deapatia, desidratação, alteração no apetite, motilidade do rúmen, abomaso e intestinos diminuída e ainda, fezes escassas e diarreicas.Observou-se um aumento na região da fossa paralombar direita e na auscultação, com auxílio da percussão, verificou-se umaressonância timpânica (“tilintar”). O hemograma revelou uma leucocitose por neutrofilia com desvio para esquerda regenerativo,linfocitose e monocitose, e ainda, uma hiperfibrinogenemia. Na análise do fluido ruminal verificou-se uma elevação do teor decloretos (>30mEq/L). Foi indicada uma laparotomia exploratória na região do flanco direito, em dois dos bezerros, sendo possívelconfirmar a DC. Em função da gravidade da lesão e condição clínica precária todos os animais vieram a óbito. Na necropsia,além da DC, foram evidenciadas alterações secundárias a esta enfermidade. Ratifica-se neste trabalho que a DC em bezerrosé uma enfermidade de baixa ocorrência, podendo afirmar que o prognóstico é ruim na maioria dos casos, quando diagnosticadatardiamente.

Cecal dilatation is a fermentative disorder of the digestive tract that has a greater occurrence in dairy cows and few reports incalves. Therefore, this study aimed to report the clinical, surgical, laboratorial findings and pathological lesions of the cecal distentionin four calves that were diagnosticated and treated at the Clínica de Bovinos, Campus Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Ruralde Pernambuco (UFRPE). The clinical findings were apathy, dehydration, lack of appetite, decrease in ruminal, abomasal andintestinal motility and diarrheal and scarce feces. The abdomen was distended on the right side (paralumbar fossa) and there wasa tympanic resonance in the same area. The blood assays have shown leukocytosis with neutrophilia with a regenerative left shift,lymphocytosis and monocytosis, and also hyperfibrinogenemia. The ruminal fluid analysis showed a high content of chlorides(>30mEq/L). Exploratory laparotomy on the right flank was performed on two calves that confirmed cecal distention. The severityof the injury and poor clinical condition lead animals to death. At necropsy, in addition to DC, minor changes were observed inthis disease. Is ratified this study that DC is a disease in calves of low occurrence and can say that the prognosis is poor in mostcases, when diagnosed late.

Estudantes do ensino medio e o conhecimento em HIV/AIDS: que mudou em dez anos? / Estudiantes secundarios y conocimiento sobre el VIH/SIDA: que ha cambiado en diez anos? / High school students and their knowledge about HIV/AIDS: what has changed in ten years?

Estudo exploratório, descritivo, comparativo, com abordagem quantitativa, cujo objetivo foi comparar o conhecimento de estudantes do ensino médio de duas escolas estaduais públicas de Peruíbe, SP, Brasil, sobre o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) e da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (aids), nos anos de 1999 e 2010. Nos dois anos, na população estudada predominaram estudantes do sexo feminino, menores de 18 anos, solteiros e de cor branca. Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto ao conhecimento sobre HIV/aids entre os grupos estudados. Verificou-se que mesmo havendo intervalo de dez anos entre os estudos, os dois grupos de estudantes não se consideraram vulneráveis ao HIV e apresentaram dúvidas quanto ao conhecimento correto sobre o tema, o que indica a necessidade de sua abordagem contínua com adolescentes jovens.

Estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, comparativo, de abordaje cuantitativo, objetivando comparar el conocimiento de estudiantes secundarios de dos escuelas estatales públicas de Peruíbe-SP-Brasil, sobre el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) y el Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (SIDA) en 1999 y 2010. En ambos años, predominaron en la población investigada estudiantes de sexo femenino, menores de 18 años, solteros, de raza blanca. Se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa respecto del conocimiento sobre HIV/SIDA entre los grupos estudiados. Se verificó que, incluso existiendo un intervalo de diez años entre los estudios, los dos grupos de estudiantes no se consideraron vulnerables al VIH y expresaron dudas sobre el correcto conocimiento del tema, lo cual indica la necesidad de un abordaje continuo de la temática con adolescentes jóvenes.

An exploratory, descriptive, comparative study with a quantitative approach, whose objective was to compare the knowledge of high school students from two public state schools of Peruíbe, SP, Brazil, about Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), in the years 1999 and 2010. In both of these years, the predominant population studied was female students, under 18 years old, unmarried and white. A statistically significant difference was found with respect to knowledge about HIV/AIDS among the groups studied. It was found that even with ten-year interval between the studies, the two groups of students did not consider themselves vulnerable to HIV and presented doubts as to the correct knowledge about the topic, which indicates the need for a continuous approach with young adolescents.

[High school students and their knowledge about HIV/AIDS: what has changed in ten years?]. / Estudantes do ensino médio e o conhecimento em HIV/AIDS: que mudou em dez anos?

An exploratory, descriptive, comparative study with a quantitative approach, whose objective was to compare the knowledge of high school students from two public state schools of Peruíbe, SP, Brazil, about Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), in the years 1999 and 2010. In both of these years, the predominant population studied was female students, under 18 years old, unmarried and white. A statistically significant difference was found with respect to knowledge about HIV/AIDS among the groups studied. It was found that even with ten-year interval between the studies, the two groups of students did not consider themselves vulnerable to HIV and presented doubts as to the correct knowledge about the topic, which indicates the need for a continuous approach with young adolescents.

Uso del modo ASV (Adaptative Support Ventilation) en el destete de la ventilación mecánica en pacientes neurocríticos de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo / Using the ASV mode (Adaptive Support Ventilation) in the mechanical ventilation weaning in neurocritical patients in the Intensive Care Unit at the National Hospital Dos de Mayo

INTRODUCCION: El proceso de destete de la ventilación mecánica es una parte fundamental del soporte de vida instaurado en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. El modo ventilatorio ASV ha demostrado buena performance en el destete de paciente post operados de cirugía cardíaca. Sin embargo no hay estudios que evalúen el proceso de destete con ASV en pacientes con patología neurocrítica por lo que se plantea el presente estudio a fin de determinar las características y parámetros principales del modo ASV en el destete de este tipo de pacientes. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, observacional, descriptivo de seguimiento de una cohorte de pacientes neurocríticos sometidos a ventilación mecánica ingresados a la Unidad de Terapia Neurointensiva del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima-Perú, durante los meses de Mayo a Noviembre 2013. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 32 pacientes neurocríticos. El 100 por ciento logró el destete exitoso del ventilador mecánico con el modo ASV. La mediana de duración fue de 24 horas (6-36h). El 65,6 por ciento pudieron ser extubados de forma exitosa. Se encontró que la escala de Glasgow previa al destete y el número de pruebas de Tubo en T se correlacionaron con el tiempo de duración del destete. CONCLUSION: El modo ASV mostró un perfil de utilidad y seguridad para el destete de pacientes neurocríticos sometidos a ventilación mecánica.

[Differences between female and male adolescents regarding individual vulnerability to HIV]. / Diferenças entre adolescentes do sexo feminino e masculino na vulnerabilidade individual ao HIV.

The objective of this study was to comparatively analyze male and female adolescents' vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, based on their knowledge, values and practices. This is an exploratory-descriptive study, performed using a quantitative approach. The students answered a questionnaire from which relevant questions were selected for the analysis. The participants were 207 adolescents, 43.5% male and 56.5% female. Most adolescents report having initiated sexual activities. It was observed that the participants have knowledge deficits regarding HIV transmission and safe sexual practices. Although they report knowing about condom use as a method of protection against HIV, they do not always use them. It was observed that there are values connected to the representations of gender, but it is noticed there is an evolution regarding the autonomy and power of the girls' negotiation regarding condom use.

Diferenças entre adolescentes do sexo feminino e masculino na vulnerabilidade individual ao HIV / Differences between female and male adolescents regarding individual vulnerability to HIV / Diferencias entre adolescentes de sexo femenino y masculino en la vulnerabilidad individual al VIH

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar comparativamente a vulnerabilidade ao HIV/AIDS de homens e mulheres adolescentes, baseada em seus conhecimentos, valores e práticas. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo com abordagem quantitativa. Os estudantes responderam a um questionário do qual foram selecionadas questões relevantes para análise. Totalizaram 207 adolescentes, sendo 43,5% do sexo masculino e 56,5% do feminino. A maior parte dos adolescentes declara já ter tido sua primeira relação sexual até o momento do estudo. Observaram-se déficits de conhecimento sobre transmissão do HIV e práticas sexuais seguras. Embora haja conhecimento declarado das técnicas de uso do preservativo, isso não reflete em seu uso constante. Observaram-se valores ligados às representações de gênero, mas percebe-se uma evolução quanto à autonomia e poder de negociação das meninas sobre o uso do preservativo.

The objective of this study was to comparatively analyze male and female adolescents' vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, based on their knowledge, values and practices. This is an exploratory-descriptive study, performed using a quantitative approach. The students answered a questionnaire from which relevant questions were selected for the analysis. The participants were 207 adolescents, 43.5% male and 56.5% female. Most adolescents report having initiated sexual activities. It was observed that the participants have knowledge deficits regarding HIV transmission and safe sexual practices. Although they report knowing about condom use as a method of protection against HIV, they do not always use them. It was observed that there are values connected to the representations of gender, but it is noticed there is an evolution regarding the autonomy and power of the girls' negotiation regarding condom use.

El estudio objetivó analizar en forma comparativa la vulnerabilidad al VIH/SIDA en hombres y mujeres adolescentes, en base a sus conocimientos, valores y prácticas. Estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, con abordaje cuantitativo. Los estudiantes respondieron a un cuestionario, del cual fueron seleccionadas preguntas relevantes para el análisis. Se evaluaron 207 adolescentes, 43,5% de sexo masculino y 56,5% de sexo femenino. La mayoría de los adolescentes declara haber tenido ya su primera relación sexual al momento del estudio. Se observó déficit de conocimientos sobre transmisión del VIH y prácticas sexuales seguras. A pesar de que exista conocimiento expreso sobre técnicas de uso del preservativo, eso no se refleja en su uso constante. Se observaron valores ligados a representaciones de género, per se percibe una evolución en cuanto a la autonomía y poder de negociación de las adolescentes sobre el uso del preservativo.

Prevalência de lesões bucais cancerosas e cancerizáveis em pacientes ambulatoriais atendidos no FBHC de 2006 a 2007 / Prevalence of oral precancerous and cancerous lesions in outpatients assited at FBHC from 2006 to 2007

O propósito deste trabalho foi o de estudar retrospectivamente os prontuários de pacientes assistidos no serviço de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Buco-Maxilo-Facial Dr. João de Andrade Garcez da Fundação de Beneficência Hospital de Cirurgia, em Aracajú - SE, no período de junho de 2006 a junho de 2007, visando identificar a prevalência de lesões cancerizáveis, além de visualizar a correlação com os fatores de risco do câncer nesta população. De um total de trezentos e noventa e quatro prontuários incluídos na pesquisa, a proporção de homem mulher foi de 1:1. Destes, 9 homens e 2 mulheres apresentaram diagnóstico de câncer de boca. A lesão neoplásica mais frequente foi o carcinoma de células escamosas (9 casos). Além destes, foram identificados um paciente portador de melanoma bucal e um paciente portador de um adenocarcinoma metastático de origem prostática. A frequência de lesôes consideradas cancerizáveis foi de 7 registros de casos de leucoplasia, 2 de líquem plano, 4 de queilite actínica e 2 de hiperplasia por prótese mal-adaptada. Em relação aos fatores de risco presentes, o tabagismo apareceu em 81,8% dos casos, e o alcoolismo estava presente em 63,6% dos casos totais de neoplasia. Desta forma, este estudo visou contribuir para a avaliação do risco de câncer no estado de Sergipe, sugerindo o desenvolvimento de políticas de saúde adequadas para cada região do Brasil, a fim de controlar esta doença, já que os costumes e a exposição aos fatores de risco variam de um lugar para o outro.

The use of natural products in dentistry is a viable and effective alternative in preventing and fighting the incidence of mouth cancer as increased considerably and, still today, is a problem of public health around the world. The purpose of this study was to study retrospectively dental charts of patients attended at the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dr. João de Andrade Garcez, in Aracajú, from June de 2006 to june of 2007, aiming to identify the prevalence of cancerous and precancerous lesions, beyond to correlate the risk factors of cancer in this population. From a total of there hundred and ninet four dental files assessed, it was observed that the ratio man: woman was 1:1. Of these, 9 men and 2 women had presented diagnosis of mouth's cancer. The most frequent cancerous lesion was the scamous cell carcinoma (9 patients). Beyond these, it was found one patient of buccal melanoma and one patient of a metastatic adenocarcinoma of prostate origin. Of these, the frequency of injuries was considered cancerizáveis records of 7 cases of leukoplakia, lichen planus of 2,4 and 2 actinic cheilitis of hyperplasia by mal-adjusted prosthesis. According to the risk factors, smoking appeared in 81,8% of the cases, and alcoholism was present in 63,6% of the total cases of cancer. In such a way, this study aimed to cooperate for the evaluation of risk cancer in the State of Sergipe, being suggested the development of politics of public health for each region of Brazil, in order to control this illness, after all, the culture and exposition to the risk factors vary from one place to another.

A estratégia saúde da família e a vulnerabilidade programática na atenção ao hiv/aids: uma revisão da literatura / La estrategia salud de la familia y la vulnerabilidad programática en asistencia a hiv/aids: una encuesta sobre la literatura / The family health strategy and the programmatic vulnerability in assistance to hiv/aids: a literature survey

O estudo objetivou analisar na literatura publicada as potencialidades e as dificuldades da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) quanto a Vulnerabilidade Programática na atenção ao HIV/aids. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa de publicações no período de janeiro a julho de 2009. Utilizou-se as bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, ScIELO, PeriEnf e Teses USP, sendo selecionados 16 textos que foram agrupados, analisados e priorizados em Estrutura e Dinâmica da Organização dos Serviços (acesso aos serviços e insumos, capacitação dos profissionais, articulação entre a equipe da ESF e entre a ESF e outros serviços) e Operacionalização das Ações (diagnóstico precoce, aconselhamento, grupos educativos e visitas domiciliares). Apesar dos desafios, a ESF tem contribuído de maneira importante na redução da Vulnerabilidade Programática ao HIV/AIDS.

El estudio se propuso analizar en la literatura publicada las potencialidades y las dificultades de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF) respecto a la vulnerabilidad programática en asistencia a HIV/AIDS. Es un análisis narrativo de publicaciones en el período enero-julio de 2009 en las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE, ScIELO, PeriEnf y Teses USP. Seleccionamos 16 textos que fueron agrupados, analizados y priorizados en Estructura y Dinámica de la organización de servicios (acceso a los servicios y a los recursos, calificación de profesionales, organización interna del equipo de la ESF y con otros servicios) y de la puesta en práctica de las acciones (diagnosis temprana, asesoramiento, y grupos educativos). Aunque haya desafíos, la ESF ha contribuido de maneras importantes a la reducción dela vulnerabilidad programática al HIV/AIDS.

The study aimed to analyze in published literature the potentialities and difficulties of Family Health Strategy (ESF) regarding the Programmatic Vulnerability in assistance to HIV/AIDS. This is a narrative survey of publications in the period January-July 2009 in the databases LILACS, MEDLINE, ScIELO, PeriEnf and Teses USP. We selected 16 texts that were grouped, analyzed and prioritized in Structure and Dynamics of Services Organization (access to services and resources, qualification of professionals, ESF team internal organization and with other services) and Actions Implementation (early diagnosis, counseling, educative groups and home visits). Although there are challenges, ESF has contributed in important ways to the reduction of Programmatic Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS.

Profissionais de saúde, cuidados paliativos e família: revisão bibliográfica / Health professional's palliative care and family: a bibliographic review

Objetivo: identificar e analisar através de revisão bibliográfica sistematizada a comunicação entre o profissional de saúde e a família de pacientes em fase terminal, e como é abordada a dimensão família nos Cuidados Paliativos. método: pesquisa quantitativa exploratória, baseada no material indexado nas bases de dados DEDALUS, LILACS, MEDLINE, PERIENF e SCIELO, entre 1997 a 2008, utilizando-se como descritores: Cuidados Paliativos, Comunicação e Família. Resultados: foram identificados 127 artigos com os descritores Comunicação e Cuidados Paliativos e 34 com Comunicação, Cuidados Paliativos e Família. A MEDLINE foi a base de dados que apresentou maior número de artigos (22) para os descritores Comunicação, Cuidados Paliativos e Família, sendo os EUA o país com mais publicações (14) para esses descritores. Conclusões: O número de publicações que considera a família como foco do cuidado paliativo é pequena. É através da comunicação que o profissional se aproxima da família.