Aspectos atuais no diagnóstico e abordagem da infecção do trato urinário / Current aspects in the diagnosis and approach to urinary tract infection

O objetivo deste artigo de revisão é apresentar as mais recentes diretrizes no manejo de infecção do trato urinário (ITU), salientando que há uma tendência atual a estudos de imagem menos agressivoseao uso mais restritivo da quimioprofilaxia. Tem surgido preocupação sobre a exposição desnecessária de radiação ionizante e o caráter invasivo de alguns procedimentos. Outro ponto discutido é a relação causal do refluxo vesicoureteral (RVU) e cicatrizes renais, o que tem sido o foco de vários estudos. Tem surgido preocupação sobre a exposição desnecessária dos pacientes à radiação ionizante e o caráter invasivo de alguns procedimentos. O risco de infecção também tem sido alvo de discussão. Com o aprimoramento da ultrassonografia pré-natal tem sido sugerida aabordagem top-down para investigação da ITU febril. Finalmente, aborda-se a associação do RVU e a disfunção do trato urinário inferior (DTUI) com a ITU.

The objective of this review article is to present the latest guidelines on the management of urinary tract infection (UTI) highlighting that there is a current trend towards less aggressive image studies and more restrictive use of chemoprophylaxis. The unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation and the invasive nature of some procedures have raised concerns. Another point discussed is the causal relationship of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and renal scarring, which have been the focus of several studies. The risk of infection has also been the subject of discussion. With the improvement of prenatal ultrasound, the top-down approach to investigate febrile UTI has been suggested. Finally, the association between VUR and lower urinary tract dysfunction (LTUD) and UTI is also assessed.

Hidronefrose na criança / Hydronephrosis in children

A hidronefrose é uma afecção comum na criança e consiste na dilatação do sistema coletor renal, podendo ser congênita, e por isso denominada hidronefrose fetal, ou pode ser adquirida, o que é menos frequente. A hidronefrose fetal pode ser diagnosticada ainda na vida intrauterina, por meio da ultrassonografia obstétrica. Dilatações leves a moderadas podem resolver-se espontaneamente antes ou após o nascimento. Porém,dilatações maiores podem ser causa de infecção urinária, causar dano ao parênquima renal e provavelmente irão requerer tratamento cirúrgico. As principais causas de hidronefrose fetal que persistem após o nascimento são: estenose de junção ureteropélvica, refluxo vesicoureteral, estenose da junção ureterovesical, duplicações pieloureterais, associado ou não a ureterocele, e válvula de uretra posterior. Em relação à hidronefroseadquirida, a etiologia mais comum é a angulação do ureter proximal por vaso polar anômalo, porém também pode ser devida à ureterolitíase, que é incomum. Nesses casos normalmente diagnostica-se a hidronefrose devido à propedêutica de dor abdominal crônica recorrente em crianças maiores.Na conduta inicial na hidronefrose fetal, logo após o nascimento, deve-se realizar ultrassonografia das vias urinárias, para confirmar eclassificar o grau de hidronefrose. De acordo com os achados ultrassonográficos é que se decidirá se será necessário estender a propedêutica ou manter conduta expectante. Na condução subsequente dessas crianças é importante o acompanhamento do nefrologista-pediatra e do cirurgião-pediatra, convindo que sejam tratadas em centros especializados, com todos os recursos necessários para o diagnóstico e tratamento adequado.

Hydronephrosis is a common illness in children and consists in the dilatation of the renal collector system. It may be congenital, and in this case is called fetal hydronephrosis, or it can be acquired, which is less frequent. The fetal hydronephrosis may be diagnosed during the intrauterine life through obstetric ultrasound. Mild to moderate dilatations may resolve spontaneously before or after birth. However, larger dilatations can be causes of urinary tract infection, damage to the renal parenchyma, and may require surgical treatment. The main causes of persistent fetal hydronephrosis after birth are ureteropelvic junction stenosis, vesicoureteral reflux, ureterovesical junction stenosis, ureteric duplication associated or not with ureterocele, and posterior urethra valve. In relation to the acquired hydronephrosis, the most common etiology is the angulation of the proximal ureter resulting from an anomalous polar vessel; however, it can also be due to ureterolithiasis, which is uncommon. In these cases, the hydronephrosis is usually diagnosed as the result of propaedeuticsof chronic recurrent abdominal pain in older children. The initial conduct in cases of fetal hydronephrosis, shortly after birth, is the use of urinary tract ultrasound to confirm and classify the degree of hydronephrosis. The ultrasound findings will assist to decide if it is necessary to extend the propaedeutics or maintain a waiting conduct. The follow-up by a nephrologist and pediatric-surgeon in the subsequent treatment of these children is important when treated in specialized centers with all theneeded resources for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Adrenal insufficiency in association with congenital nephrotic syndrome: a case report.

Adrenal disorders in patients with congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) have seldom been reported, and the mechanisms that could explain this association are not known. The follow-up of a male infant diagnosed with CNS and primary adrenal insufficiency in his first year of life is the object of this paper.

Diagnostic accuracy of renal pelvic dilatation for detecting surgically managed ureteropelvic junction obstruction.

PURPOSE: In this study we evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of renal pelvic dilatation for detecting infants with prenatal hydronephrosis who will need surgical intervention for ureteropelvic junction obstruction during followup. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1999 and 2010, 371 newborns diagnosed with isolated prenatal hydronephrosis were prospectively followed. The main event of interest was the need for pyeloplasty. Diagnostic odds ratio, sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy (assessed by AUC) of fetal renal pelvic dilatation and postnatal renal pelvic dilatation were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 312 patients were included in the analysis and 25 (7.5%) infants underwent pyeloplasty. The diagnostic performance for detecting the need for pyeloplasty was excellent for all ultrasonography measurements. The AUC was 0.96 (95% CI 0.92-0.98) for fetal renal pelvic dilatation, 0.97 (95% CI 0.95-0.98) for postnatal renal pelvic dilatation and 0.95 (95% CI 0.92-0.97) for the Society for Fetal Urology grading system. A cutoff of 18 mm for fetal renal pelvic dilatation and a cutoff of 16 mm for postnatal renal pelvic dilatation had the best diagnostic odds ratio to identify infants who needed pyeloplasty. Considering a diagnosis to be positive only if fetal renal pelvic dilatation was greater than 18 mm and postnatal dilatation was greater than 16 mm, sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 86% (95% CI 80.7-89.9). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the combination of fetal and postnatal renal pelvic dilatation is able to increase the diagnostic accuracy for detecting infants who need a more comprehensive postnatal investigation for upper urinary tract obstruction.

Exames de imagem na avaliação de anomalias urológicas em lactentes com hidronefrose fetal: avanços e controvérsias / Imaging for evaluation of urologic abnormalities in infants with fetal hydronephrosis: advances and controversies

Avanços recentes no diagnóstico pré-natal têm permitido o aprimoramento da detecção e o manejo das anormalidades do trato urinário. A ultrassonografia pré-natal permite o reconhecimento de anormalidades urológicas que somente seriam identificadas tardiamente, após o aparecimento de sintomas ou complicações. A uretrocistografia miccional pode ser reservada para casos selecionados. Exames de medicina nuclear devem ser realizados em casos de hidronefrose moderada e grave. O estudo consistiu de uma revisão da literatura atual sobre a abordagem pós-natal da hidronefrose fetal. Os dados obtidos foram confrontados com a experiência da Unidade de Nefrologia Pediátrica do HC/UFMG na conduta e no seguimento de crianças com diagnóstico de uropatias detectadas na investigação de hidronefrose fetal.

Recent advances in prenatal diagnosis resulted in an improvement of detection and management of urinary tract abnormalities. Prenatal ultrasonography allows to identify urological abnormalities that otherwise would not be seen until later in life, when complications occur. The voiding cystourethrogram can be reserved for selected patients. Nuclear medicine exams should be performed in cases of moderate and severe hydronephrosis. A review of the current literature on postnatal approach of prenatal hydronephrosis was performed. Data obtained were compared with the records of the Pediatric Nephrology Unit HC/UFMG regarding management and follow-up of children with uropathies detected while investigating for fetal hydronephrosis.

[Imaging for evaluation of urologic abnormalities in infants with fetal hydronephrosis: advances and controversies]. / Exames de imagem na avaliação de anomalias urológicas em lactentes com hidronefrose fetal: avanços e controvérsias.

Recent advances in prenatal diagnosis resulted in an improvement of detection and management of urinary tract abnormalities. Prenatal ultrasonography allows to identify urological abnormalities that otherwise would not be seen until later in life, when complications occur. The voiding cystourethrogram can be reserved for selected patients. Nuclear medicine exams should be performed in cases of moderate and severe hydronephrosis. A review of the current literature on postnatal approach of prenatal hydronephrosis was performed. Data obtained were compared with the records of the Pediatric Nephrology Unit HC/UFMG regarding management and follow-up of children with uropathies detected while investigating for fetal hydronephrosis.

Hemodialysis vascular access in children and adolescents: a ten-year retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: The complications of vascular access have been the major cause of hospitalization among patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) on Haemodialysis (HD). Despite recommendations to decrease the use of central venous catheter (CVC) it still represents the main access for children and adolescents who start HD. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: This study aimed to evaluate, through a retrospective cohort study, the initial type, the incidence of complications and reasons for failure of vascular access in children and adolescents aged 0 to younger than 18 years who started HD from 1997 to 2007. RESULTS: 251 accesses were studied in 61 patients, 97 arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and 154 temporary uncuffed CVC. 51% of study patients began HD with CVC. The mean age of patients at the start of HD was 12.5 years. The predominant underlying disease was glomerulonephritis (46%). The main cause of CVC removal was infection in 35%. The mean survival of the uncuffed CVC was 40 days. AVF primary failure was detected in 37.8% of the fistulas. Considering the patent fistulas, the main cause of failure was thrombosis (84%). Infection did not caused any loss of AVF. When comparing the two types of access we find a risk of infection 34 times higher in patients using CVC against AVF. CONCLUSION: Infection was the major cause of CVC removal, and our results suggest that uncuffed CVC must be avoided for ESRD children and adolescents on HD and replaced by AVF or cuffed CVC, whenever it is feasible. Thrombosis was the main cause of AVF loss, urging the need of implementation of a program for early detection of access failure.

Avaliação do acesso vascular para hemodiálise em crianças e adolescentes: um estudo de coorte retrospectivo de 10 anos / Hemodialysis vascular access in children and adolescents: a ten-year retrospective cohort study

INTRODUÇÃO: As intercorrências do acesso vascular têm sido a maior causa de internação entre os pacientes com estágio V da doença renal crônica (DRC) em hemodiálise (HD). Apesar de campanhas para a diminuição do uso de cateter venoso central (CVC) como via de acesso para HD, este ainda representa a principal via de acesso para crianças e adolescentes que iniciam HD. OBJETIVOS E MÉTODOS: Este estudo tem o objetivo de avaliar, por meio de um coorte retrospectivo, o tipo de acesso vascular inicial, a incidência de complicações dos acessos vasculares e as razões de falência dos acessos em crianças e adolescentes com idade entre 0 e 18 anos que iniciaram HD no período de 1997 a 2007. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 251 acessos em 61 pacientes, sendo 97 fístulas arteriovenosas (FAV) e 154 CVC de curta permanência. Dos pacientes do estudo 51 por cento iniciaram HD pelo CVC. A média de idade dos pacientes no início da HD foi de 12,5 anos. A doença de base predominante foi glomerulopatia (46 por cento). A principal causa de retirada de CVC foi infecção, em 35 por cento. A sobrevida média do CVC foi de 40 dias. A falência primária da FAV foi detectada em 37,8 por cento das FAV confeccionadas. Para as FAV funcionantes, a principal causa de falência foi a trombose (84 por cento). A infecção não foi a causa de nenhuma falência de FAV. Comparando-se os tipos de acesso, constatou-se risco de infecção 34 vezes maior para os pacientes em uso de CVC em relação aos em uso de FAV. CONCLUSÃO: A infecção foi a maior causa de retirada de CVC temporário. Esse estudo sugere que o CVC temporário deve ser evitado, e, sempre que possível, substituído por FAV ou CVC de longa permanência. A trombose foi a principal causa de perda da FAV, reforçando a importância de um programa para a detecção precoce da disfunção do acesso.

INTRODUCTION: The complications of vascular access have been the major cause of hospitalization among patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) on Haemodialysis (HD). Despite recommendations to decrease the use of central venous catheter (CVC) it still represents the main access for children and adolescents who start HD. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: This study aimed to evaluate, through a retrospective cohort study, the initial type, the incidence of complications and reasons for failure of vascular access in children and adolescents aged 0 to younger than 18 years who started HD from 1997 to 2007. RESULTS: 251 accesses were studied in 61 patients, 97 arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and 154 temporary uncuffed CVC. 51 percent of study patients began HD with CVC. The mean age of patients at the start of HD was 12.5 years. The predominant underlying disease was glomerulonephritis (46 percent). The main cause of CVC removal was infection in 35 percent. The mean survival of the uncuffed CVC was 40 days. AVF primary failure was detected in 37.8 percent of the fistulas. Considering the patent fistulas, the main cause of failure was thrombosis (84 percent). Infection did not caused any loss of AVF. When comparing the two types of access we find a risk of infection 34 times higher in patients using CVC against AVF. CONCLUSION: Infection was the major cause of CVC removal, and our results suggest that uncuffed CVC must be avoided for ESRD children and adolescents on HD and replaced by AVF or cuffed CVC, whenever it is feasible. Thrombosis was the main cause of AVF loss, urging the need of implementation of a program for early detection of access failure.

[In memoriam: Professor José Silvério Santos Diniz (1935-2011)]. / Em memória: Professor José Silvério Santos Diniz (1935-2011).

Professor José Silvério Santos Diniz, an exponent of the Brazilian Pediatric Nephrology, died on 23 May, 2011. This editorial is a brief description of the career of this great Brazilian teacher, physician and researcher.

Em memória: professor José Silvério Santos Diniz (1935-2011) / In memoriam: professor José Silvério Santos Diniz (1935-2011)

Em 23 de maio de 2011, faleceu o Professor José Silvério Santos Diniz, um dos expoentes da Nefrologia Pediátrica brasileira. Este editorial descreve de forma sumária a trajetória desse grande professor, médico e pesquisador de nosso País.

Professor José Silvério Santos Diniz, an exponent of the Brazilian Pediatric Nephrology, died on 23 May, 2011. This editorial is a brief description of the career of this great Brazilian teacher, physician and researcher.

Mental disorders and quality of life in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease.

In the last decades there was a striking improvement in survival of children with chronic kidney disease. As life expectancy has increased in children with CKD, concern has risen about its physical, psychological, and social consequences. The aim of this study was to perform a review of the psychological consequences of CKD in the pediatric population, with the focus on mental disorders and on quality of life. We also reviewed studies regarding emotional and social effects and their possible influences on treatment adhesion. Several studies have shown impairment on quality of life and on mental health of these patients. A better understanding of emotional consequences of CKD in pediatric population possibly can reduce the impact of the renal disease on children. Moreover, a comprehensive approach of children and adolescents with CKD might result in a better clinical control and improve treatment adhesion.

Transtornos mentais e qualidade de vida em crianças e adolescentes com doença renal crônica e em seus cuidadores / Mental disorders and quality of life in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease

A melhoria da atenção médica resultou em um aumento da sobrevida de pacientes pediátricos com doença renal crônica (DRC). Entretanto, as repercussões clínicas e as consequências do tratamento são inúmeras. O objetivo deste estudo foi a realização de uma revisão desta temática, incluindo estudos publicados desde 1980 até a atualidade, que abordam também a influência de outras doenças crônicas na população pediátrica. Foram revisadas as repercussões clínicas e as alterações neurológicas e neurocognitivas da DRC que podem influenciar na saúde mental e qualidade de vida destes pacientes. Estudaram-se também os efeitos emocionais e sociais da DRC e a sua influência na adesão à terapêutica e controle clínico nas diferentes modalidades de tratamento conservador, dialítico e transplante. Observa-se um comprometimento da qualidade de vida e da saúde mental desses pacientes. A compreensão das repercussões psicossociais e a tentativa de minimizá-las amenizam o impacto da doença renal no paciente. Esse cuidado mais adequado, completo e humanizado pode resultar na melhora da adesão e do controle clínico.

In the last decades there was a striking improvement in survival of children with chronic kidney disease. As life expectancy has increased in children with CKD, concern has risen about its physical, psychological, and social consequences. The aim of this study was to perform a review of the psychological consequences of CKD in the pediatric population, with the focus on mental disorders and on quality of life. We also reviewed studies regarding emotional and social effects and their possible influences on treatment adhesion. Several studies have shown impairment on quality of life and on mental health of these patients. A better understanding of emotional consequences of CKD in pediatric population possibly can reduce the impact of the renal disease on children. Moreover, a comprehensive approach of children and adolescents with CKD might result in a better clinical control and improve treatment adhesion.

Dificuldades vivenciadas pela família e pela criança/adolescente com doença renal crônica / Difficulties experienced by children/adolescents with chronic renal disease and by their families

Este artigo enfoca um dos objetivos de um estudo mais amplo sobre a realização de diálise peritoneal (DP) em crianças e adolescentes no domicílio. Descreve e discute os relatos dos cuidadores sobre as reações e dificuldades vivenciadas pela família e pela criança/adolescente com doença renal crônica (DRC) para a realização da DP. Método: Realizou-se no período de março de 2004 a maio de 2006 estudo descritivo constituído de um universo de 30 crianças e adolescentes portadores de DRC, assistidos pelo HC/UFMG, abordando questões relativas às dificuldades dos cuidadores quanto à aplicação da técnica de DP e as queixas das crianças/ adolescentes quanto à DP por meio de entrevista, acompanhamento de consulta de rotina e visita domiciliar. Resultados: As principais queixas foram: limitações que a diálise peritoneal em si. Conclusão: O conhecimento da realidade vivenciada pela criança/adolescente com DRC e pela família pode subsidiar ações e medidas a fim de melhorar a qualidade de vida dos envolvidos e contribuir para o sucesso da técnica dialítica.

This article focuses on one of the goals of a larger study on the performance of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in children and adolescents at home. Describes and discusses reports on the reactions of caregivers and difficulties experienced by family and child / adolescent with chronic kidney disease (CKD) for the realization of DP. Method: We conducted from March 2004 to May 2006 descriptive study consisting of a universe of 30 children and adolescents with CKD, assisted by the HC / UFMG, addressing issues relating to caregivers' difficulties in applying the technique of PD and complaints from children and adolescents with PD as through interviews, follow-up consultation and routine visits. Results: The main complaints were limitations that peritoneal dialysis itself. Conclusion: The knowledge of the reality experienced by children / adolescents with CKD and the family can support actions and measures to improve the quality of life of those involved and contribute to the success of the technique of dialysis.

Estudo descritivo sobre a prática da diálise peritoneal em domicílio / Descriptive study about the practice of peritoneal dialysis at home

Introdução: A partir da vivência no atendimento de crianças/adolescentes portadores de doença renal crônica (DRC) em tratamento dialítico no ambiente hospitalar pensou-se que aspectos seriam relevantes para a aplicação da diálise peritoneal domiciliar. o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o nível de escolaridade e de informação do cuidador sobre a técnica de diálise peritoneal (DP), a renda familiar e condições gerais do local de realização da diálise e buscar associação com a realização inadequada da técnica. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo do universo de 30 crianças e adolescentes com DRC assistidos pelo HC/UFMG no período de março de 2004 a maio de 2006. os dados foram analisados utilizando-se software SPPS versão 13.0. As seguintes variáveis foram testadas como possíveis fatores de risco para inadequação da técnica de diálise: escolaridade do cuidador, renda familiar, nível de informação do cuidador sobre a técnica de diálise, antissepsia das mãos, ausência de pia no quarto da diálise. Resultados: A qualidade de aplicação da técnica de DP foi considerada inadequada em 18 (60%) pacientes. Todos os valores de Odds Ratio estiveram dentro dos limites dos intervalos de confiança (95%) e foram >1, indicando a possibilidade de associação positiva entre variável independente e variável pesquisada, embora sem diferença estatítica significativa. Conclusões: A análise estatística não mostrou associação entre variáveis, entretanto acredita-se que elas exercem um papel positivo para o sucesso da aplicação da técnica dialítica.

Introduction: From the experience in the care of children / adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on dialysis in the hospital thought that aspects would be relevant to the application of peritoneal dialysis at home. The aim of this study was to describe the level of education and information about the caregiver's technique of peritoneal dialysis (PD), family income and general conditions of the site of the dialysis and seek association with the inadequate implementation of the technique. Method: This was a descriptive study of the universe of 30 children and adolescents with CKD assisted by HC / UFMG from March 2004 to May 2006. data were analyzed using SPPS software version 13.0. The following variables were tested as possible risk factors for inadequate dialysis technique: the caregiver's education, family income, level of caregiver information on the technique of dialysis, antisepsis of the hands, no sink in the room of dialysis. Results: The quality of implementation of the PD technique was considered inappropriate in 18 (60%) patients. All odds ratios were within the confidence interval (95%) and were> 1, indicating the possibility of a positive association between independent variable and variable investigated, although no significant difference statistic. Conclusions: Statistical analysis showed no association between variables, however it is believed that they exert a positive role for the successful application of the technique of dialysis.

Fatores de risco para peritonites e internações / Risk factors for peritonitis and hospitalizations

Introdução: Investigou-se um universo de 30 crianças e adolescentes portadores de doença renal crônica em tratamento dialítico, assistidos pelo Hospital das Clínicas da UFMg, a fim de determinar fatores de risco para a frequência de peritonites e de internações. Método: Estudo descritivo em que para a obtenção dos resultados utilizou-se o software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) versão 13.0. Testaram-se as variáveis: baixa escolaridade, baixa renda familiar, nível de informação inadequado, inadequação da antissepsia das mãos para a realização da diálise, ausência de pia no quarto da diálise como fator de risco para maior frequência de peritonites e internações. Resultados: Os valores de Odds ratio estiveram dentro dos limites dos intervalos de confiança (95%) e em alguns casos foram <1, indicando a possibilidade de associação negativa entre algumas variáveis independentes e as variáveis pesquisadas, embora sem diferença estatística significativa. Conclusão: Não foi detectada significância estatística para as variáveis testadas, embora haja uma tendência para a sua ocorrência.

Introduction: We investigated a population of 30 children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease on dialysis, assisted by the Hospital das Clínicas, to determine risk factors for the frequency of peritonitis and hospitalization. Method: Descriptive study in which to obtain the results we used the software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) version 13.0. They tested the following variables: low education, low family income, level of inadequate information, inadequate antisepsis of hands to perform the dialysis, no sink in the room of dialysis as a risk factor for increased frequency of peritonitis and hospitalization. Results: Odds ratio values were within the confidence interval (95%) and in some cases were <1, indicating the possibility of a negative association between some independent variables and the variables studied, although not statistically significant. Conclusion: There was no statistical significance for the variables tested, although there is a tendency for its occurrence.

[Difficulties experienced by children/adolescents with chronic kidney disease and by their families].

INTRODUCTION: This article assesses one of the objectives of a larger study about home peritoneal dialysis (PD) in children/adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHOD: Descriptive study carried out on 30 children/adolescents with CKD cared for at the Hospital das Clínicas of the UFMG from March 2004 to May 2006. A questionnaire was applied to their caregivers about the reactions and difficulties experienced by those patients and their families during dialysis programs. RESULTS: Their major complaints related to the limitations caused by dialysis to the patients'; and caregivers'; lives and to peritoneal dialysis itself. CONCLUSION: Knowledge about the reality experienced by children/adolescents with CKD and their families can promote actions and measures to improve the quality of life of all involved and consequently contribute to the success of the dialysis technique.

[Descriptive study about the practice of home peritoneal dialysis].

INTRODUCTION: As experienced with the assistance evaluation of children/adolescents with chronic kidney disease in dialysis treatment on hospital we thought about which aspects could be relevant to the peritoneal dialysis (PD) application at home. The objective was to describe the level of schooling and information of the parents about the PD technique, general conditions of the place used to do PD at home and search association with inadequate technique. METHOD: From March 2004 to May 2006 a descriptive study of an universe of 30 children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease treated in the HC/UFMG. To obtain the results was undertaken the software SPSS version 13.0. The parameters: low educational level, low family income, inadequate level of information, inadequate hygiene of hands during peritoneal dialysis (PD) procedure, were associated with worse quality of PD technique. RESULTS: The technique application of PD quality was considered inadequate in 18 (60%) patients. All the Odds Ratio values were into the confidence interval (95%) limits and were higher than 1 showing a possibility of a positive association between some independent variables and variable researched although without statistic significance. CONCLUSION: The statistical analysis did not show association between the parameters tested although they may have a positive role in the success of the dialysis technique.

[Risk factors for peritonitis and hospitalizations].

INTRODUCTION: This study assessed 30 children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease on dialysis, cared for at the Hospital das Clínicas of UFMG, aiming at determining the risk factors for the frequency of peritonitis and hospitalizations. METHOD: Descriptive study using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) software, version 13.0. The following variables were assessed as risk factors for a higher frequency of peritonitis and hospitalizations: low educational level; low family income; inadequate level of information; inadequate hand antisepsis during PD; and lack of a sink in the dialysis room. RESULTS: The odds ratio values were within the 95% confidence intervals, and, in some cases, were smaller than 1, indicating the possibility of a negative association between some independent variables and the variables studied, but with no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: No statistical significance was observed for the variables studied, despite the tendency towards that.

Doença renal crônica em pediatria: Programa Interdisciplinar de Abordagem Pré-dialítica / Chronic kidney disease in children: Predialysis Interdisciplinary Management Program

A doença renal crônica (DRC) é uma síndrome clínica decorrente da lesão renal progressiva, de etiologia diversificada. Estudos internacionais indicam que a incidência anual de doença renal crônica terminal (DRCT) nas crianças esteja entre 5 e 15 pacientes por milhão de população infantil e a sua prevalência entre 22 e 62 pacientes por milhão de população infantil. Apesar de a DRC ser menos freqüente na infância, este grupo representa um desafio, por apresentar manifestações da doença durante as fases de crescimento, desenvolvimento neurológico e psicossocial. Desta forma, a abordagem da DRC na infância exige a participação de uma equipe interdisciplinar. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta artigo é revisar conceitos básicos da DRC na infância (definições, aspectos epidemiológicos, etiologia) e discutir a abordagem pré-diálitica desses pacientes.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a clinical syndrome due to a progressive renal damage of varied etiologies. International studies indicate that the annual incidency of end stage renal disease (ESRD) in children is between 5 to 15 patients per million of children and its prevalence is between 22 to 62 per million of children. Despite the lower frenquency of DRC in childhood, this group represents a challenge due to the occurrence of disease manisfestations during stages of growth, neurological and psicosocial development. Therefore, the approach of CKD in childhood requires the participation of an interdisciplinary team. In this context, the aim of this article is to revise basic concepts of CKD in childhood (definitions, epidemiological aspects, etiology) and to discuss the pre-dialitic management of these patients.

Cardiac sympathetic dysautonomia in children with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains uncertain, but autonomic dysfunction seems to be involved. The aim of the study is to investigate the cardiac dysautonomia in uremic pediatric individuals through iodine 123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy and heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS: We divided 40 CKD patients (aged 5-21 years) into 4 groups according to the treatment for CKD: conservative (n = 7), continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (n = 5), hemodialysis (n = 13), and kidney transplantation (n = 15). Planar and tomographic I-123 MIBG images were acquired, and early and late cardiac uptake, cardiac and lung washout, and regional I-123 MIBG uptake were evaluated. Hemodialysis patients showed increased cardiac washout (P = .002), a heterogeneous pattern of I-123 MIBG distribution (P = .036), and lower values of the low-frequency (LF) component of HRV (P = .040). Subjects undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis had reduced lung washout (P = .030). The cardiac washout correlated positively with parathyroid hormone levels and negatively with creatinine clearance. There was a significant negative association between the LF component and cardiac washout. CONCLUSIONS: Uremic cardiac dysautonomia may be characterized by a decreased LF component of HRV, increased I-123 MIBG washout, and a heterogeneous distribution pattern in the left ventricular walls; these abnormalities were not present after kidney transplantation.